Today, The Winsors & TheGrandma have enjoyed sailing along the Thames.
They were very happy after recovering Mima Winsor, but it has been an accidental trip because Núria Winsor has disappeared after the boat had suffered a collision while it was trying to avoid a seagull.
Please, Núria. Swim as time as youresist. We are on the way!
Before this little accident, the family hasbeen studying some English Grammarpractising with Imperative, playing some games and explaining some interesting stories about the connexion between El Baix Llobregat and England thanks to the Industrial Revolution and the textile factories.
The ThamesRiver, known alternatively in parts as the River Isis, is a river that flows through southern England including London.
At 346 km, it is the longest river entirely in England and the second-longest in the United Kingdom, after the River Severn.
The river rises at Thames Head in Gloucestershire
and flows into the North Sea near Tilbury, Essex and Gravesend, Kent,
via the Thames Estuary. From the west it flows through Oxford (where it
is sometimes called the Isis), Reading, Henley-on-Thames and Windsor. The Thames also drains the whole of Greater London.
The
lower reaches of the river are called the Tideway, derived from its
long tidal reach up to Teddington Lock. Its tidal section includes most
of its London stretch and has a rise and fall of 7 m.
From Oxford to the estuary theThames drops by 55 metres. Running through some of the drier parts of mainland Britain and heavily abstracted for drinking water, the Thames'
discharge is low considering its length and breadth: the Severn has a
discharge almost twice as large on average despite having a smaller
drainage basin.
Along
its course are 45 navigation locks with accompanying weirs. Its
catchment area covers a large part of south-eastern and a small part of
western England; the river is fed by at least 50 named tributaries. The
river contains over 80 islands. With its waters varying from freshwater
to almost seawater, the Thames supports a variety of wildlife and has a
number of adjoining Sites of Special Scientific Interest, with the
largest being in the North Kent Marshes and covering 5,289 ha.
According to Mallory and Adams, the Thames, from Middle English Temese, is derived from the Brittonic name for the river, Tamesas (from *tamēssa), recorded in Latin as Tamesis and yielding modern Welsh Tafwys, Thames.
The Thames through Oxford is sometimes called the Isis.
Historically, and especially in Victorian times, gazetteers and
cartographers insisted that the entire river was correctly named the
Isis from its source down to Dorchester on Thames and that only from
this point, where the river meets the Thame and becomes the Thame-isis (supposedly subsequently abbreviated to Thames)should it be so called.
Marks of human activity, in some cases dating back to Pre-Roman Britain,
are visible at various points along the river. These include a variety
of structures connected with use of the river, such as navigations,
bridges and watermills, as well as prehistoric burial mounds.
The lower Thames
in the Roman era was a shallow waterway winding through marshes. But
centuries of human intervention have transformed it into a deep tidal
canal flowing between 200 miles of solid walls; these defend a
floodplain where 1.5 million people work and live.
A
major maritime route is formed for much of its length for shipping and
supplies: through the Port of London for international trade, internally
along its length and by its connection to the British canal system. The
river's position has put it at the centre of many events in British
history, leading to it being described by John Burns as liquid history.
Rowing and sailing clubs are common along the Thames,
which is navigable to such vessels. Kayaking and canoeing also take
place. Major annual events include the Henley Royal Regatta and the Boat
Race, while the Thames has been used during two Summer Olympic Games:
1908 (rowing) and 1948 (rowing and canoeing). Safe headwaters and
reaches are a summer venue for organised swimming, which is prohibited
on safety grounds in a stretch centred on Central London.
About 450,000 years ago, in the most extreme Ice Age of the Pleistocene,
the Anglian, the furthest southern extent of the ice sheet reached
Hornchurch in east London, the Vale of St Albans, and the Finchley Gap.
The Anglian ice advance resulted in a new course for the Thames
through Berkshire and on into London, after which the river rejoined
its original course in southern Essex, near the present River Blackwater
estuary. Here it entered a substantial freshwater lake in the southern
North Sea basin, south of what is called Doggerland. The overspill of
this lake caused the formation of the Channel River and later the Dover
Strait gap between present-day Britain and France. Subsequent
development led to the continuation of the course that the river follows
at the present day.
At the height of the last ice age, around 20,000 BC, Britain was connected to mainland Europe by a large expanse of land known as Doggerland in the southern North Sea Basin. At this time, the Thames'
course did not continue to Doggerland but flowed southwards from the
eastern Essex coast where it met the waters of the
proto-Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta flowing from what are now the
Netherlands and Belgium. These rivers formed a single river -the
Channel River (Fleuve Manche)- that passed through the Dover Strait and
drained into the Atlantic Ocean in the western English Channel.
Upon the valley sides of the Thames
and some of its tributaries can be seen other terraces of brickearth,
laid over and sometimes interlayered with the clays. These deposits were
brought in by the winds during the periglacial periods, suggesting that
wide, flat marshes were then part of the landscape, which the new
rivers proceeded to cut into. The steepness of some valley sides
indicates very much lower mean sea levels caused by the glaciation
locking up so much water upon the land masses, thus causing the river
water to flow rapidly seaward and so erode its bed quickly downwards.
The
original land surface was around 110 to 120 m above the current
sea-level. The surface had sandy deposits from an ancient sea, laid over
sedimentary clay (this is the blue London Clay). All the erosion down
from this higher land surface, and the sorting action by these changes
of water flow and direction, formed what is known as the Thames River Gravel Terraces.
Since Roman times
and perhaps earlier, the isostatic rebound from the weight of previous
ice sheets, and its interplay with the eustatic change in sea level,
have resulted in the old valley of the River Brent, together with that
of the Thames,silting up again. Thus, along much of the
Brent's present-day course, one can make out the water-meadows of rich
alluvium, which is augmented by frequent floods.
Today, The Fosters & TheGrandma have continued searching Carlos & Marta, their missing members, with the help of ScotlandYard, the MetropolitanPolice of London.
Before, they have studied the Imperative,and they have been talking about common stories about Catalan and English textilecolonies during the 17th and 18th centuries, especially important for the inhabitants of the towns bordered by the Llobregat river.
Finally, they have talked about Alice inWonderland, the LewisCarroll'smasterpiece that has inspired next generations indifferent fields like painting, sculpture ormusic.
The Metropolitan Police Service
(MPS), formerly and still commonly known as the Metropolitan Police and
informally as the Met Police, the Met, Scotland Yard, or the Yard, is the territorial police force responsible for law enforcement in the Metropolitan Police District, whichconsists of the 32 London boroughs. The MPD does not include the square mile of the City of London, which is policed by the much smaller City of London Police. The Met
also has significant national responsibilities, such as co-ordinating
and leading on UK-wide national counter-terrorism matters and protecting
the Royal Family, certain members of Her Majesty's Government and
others as deemed appropriate.
As the police force for the capital, the Met
has significant unique responsibilities and challenges within its
police area, such as protecting 164 foreign embassies and High
Commissions, policing London City and Heathrow Airports, policing and
protecting the Palace of Westminster, and dealing with significantly
more protests and events than any other force in the country, with 3,500
such events in 2016.
The
force, by officer numbers, is the largest in the United Kingdom by a
significant margin, and one of the biggest in the world. Leaving its
national responsibilities aside, the Met has the eighth-smallest
police area (primary geographic area of responsibility) of the
territorial police forces in the United Kingdom.
The force is led by the Commissioner,
whose formal title is the Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis. The
Commissioner is answerable, responsible and accountable to The Queen,
the Home Office and the Mayor of London, through the Mayor's Office for
Policing and Crime. The post of Commissioner was first held jointly by
Sir Charles Rowan and Sir Richard Mayne. Dame Cressida Dick was
appointed Commissioner in April 2017.
A number of informal names and abbreviations are applied to the Metropolitan Police Service, the most common being the Met. In colloquial London (or Cockney) slang, it is sometimes referred to as the Old Bill.
The
Met is also referred to as Scotland Yard after the location of its
original headquarters in a road called Great Scotland Yard in Whitehall.
The Met's current headquarters is New Scotland Yard, situated on the Victoria Embankment.
The
Metropolitan Police Service was founded in 1829 by Robert Peel under
the Metropolitan Police Act 1829 and on 29 September of that year, thefirst constables of the service appeared on the streets of London.
Ten years later, Metropolitan Police Act 1839 consolidated policing within London
by expanding the Metropolitan Police District and either abolishing or
amalgamating the various other law enforcement entities within London into the Metropolitan Police such as the Thames River Police, which had been formed in 1800, and the end of the Bow Street Runners and Horse Patrol.
Since January 2012, the Mayor of London is responsible for the governance of the Metropolitan Police through the Mayor's Office for Policing and Crime (MOPAC).
Today, The Grangers and The Grandma have continued their formation in English.They have studied the Imperative, and they have played the hanger.
After their lesson, they have gone to visit the EmpireState Building, where AuryGranger has met a new friend, KingKong, and the family has created a plan to rescue her from his hands.
King Kong is a fictional giant monster resembling a gorilla, who has appeared in various media since 1933.
He has been dubbed The Eighth Wonder of the World, a phrase commonly used within the franchise.
His first appearance was in the novelization of the 1933 film King Kong from RKO Pictures, with the film premiering a little over two months later. Upon its initial release and subsequent re-releases.
A sequel quickly followed that same year with The Son of Kong, featuring LittleKong. Toho produced King Kong vs. Godzilla (1962) featuring a giant Kong battling Toho's Godzilla and King Kong Escapes (1967), a film loosely based on Rankin/Bass' The King Kong Show (1966-1969).
In 1976, Dino De Laurentiis produced a modern remake of the original film directed by John Guillermin.
A sequel, King Kong Lives, followed a decade later featuring a Lady Kong. Another remake of the original, this time set in 1933, was released in 2005 by filmmaker Peter Jackson.
Kong: Skull Island (2017), set in 1973, is part of Legendary Entertainment's MonsterVerse, which began with Legendary's reboot of Godzilla in 2014. A sequel, Godzilla vs. Kong, once again pitting the characters against one another, was released in March 2021.
The character of King Kong has become one of the world's most famous movie icons, having inspired a number of sequels, remakes, spin-offs, imitators, parodies, cartoons, books, comics, video games, theme park rides, and a stage play.
King Kong has also crossed over into other franchises such as Planet of the Apes, and encountered characters from other franchises in crossover media, such as the Toho movie monster Godzilla, as well as pulp characters Doc Savage and Tarzan. His role in the different narratives varies, ranging from a rampaging monster to a tragic antihero.
Today, The Newtons and The Grandma have been playing Monopoly, the multi-player economics-themed board game and they have bought some interesting places of New York City.
Before playing, they have been studying the Imperative, some modal verbs (Should and Must),and also Countable and Uncountable nouns.
It has been an intensive day.
Monopoly is a multi-player economics-themed board game. In the game, players roll two dice to move around the game board, buying and trading properties, and developing them with houses and hotels. Players collect rent from their opponents, with the goal being to drive them into bankruptcy.
Money can also be gained or lost through Chance and Community Chest cards, and tax squares. Players receive a stipend every time they pass Go, and can end up in jail, from which they cannot move until they have met one of three conditions.
The game has numerous house rules, and hundreds of different editions exist, as well as many spin-offs and related media.
Monopoly has become a part of international popular culture, having been licensed locally in more than 103 countries and printed in more than 37 languages.
Monopoly is derived from The Landlord's Game created by Lizzie Magie in the United States in 1903 as a way to demonstrate that an economy that rewards individuals is better than one where monopolies hold all the wealth, and to promote the economic theories of Henry George -in particular his ideas about taxation.
The Landlord's Game had two sets of rules originally, one with taxation and another on which the current rules are mainly based. When Monopoly was first published by Parker Brothers in 1935, it did not include the less capitalistic taxation rule, which resulted in a more aggressive game.
Parker Brothers bought the game's copyrights from Darrow. When the company learned Darrow was not the sole inventor of the game, it bought the rights to Magie's patent for $500.
Parker Brothers began marketing the game on November 5, 1935.Cartoonist F. O. Alexander contributed the design. U. S. patent number US 2026082 A was issued to Charles Darrow on December 31, 1935, for the game board design and was assigned to Parker Brothers Inc.
The original version of the game in this format was based on the streets of Atlantic City, New Jersey.
Parker Brothers was eventually absorbed into Hasbro in 1991. The game is named after the economic concept of monopoly -the domination of a market by a single entity.
Loli Stone, Homer & Juan Stone, Triangle in Ithaca
Today, The
Stones have spent their last day in Ithaca. It has been an amazing short Greek
travel that has helped them to meet each other better and to share beautiful
unforgettable experiences in Ulysses'shomebirth.
It has been
a special travel for Loli and Juan Stone because they have decided to take some days
to think about their future together. Whatever it happened, Juan is going to
remember Loli every day because she was as united to him as a shadow, although he is an adventurous brave man and he trusts on love.
The family
has been shocked with this news and they have tried to convince Loli using some
English grammar (Imperative & Should) but it has been impossible. Carlos Stone has said that Ithaca remembers him AgathaChristie's And then there were none, but The Grandma has thought about another Christie's novel, Triangle at Rhodes.
The Grandma
has explained some stories to try to cheer the family up but they were
astonished with Loli's departure. She has been talking a little about King
Arthur and about the figure of the Sibyl trying to search a relation between
Ancient Greek and Sant Boi de Llobregat with the Romans as a nexus.
The sibyls
were oracles in Ancient Greece. The earliest sibyls, according to legend,
prophesied at holy sites. Their prophecies were influenced by divine
inspiration from a deity; originally at Delphi and Pessinos. In Late Antiquity,
various writers attested to the existence of sibyls in Greece, Italy, the
Levant, and Asia Minor.
She has
talked about the presence of some ancient caves in Sant Boi and their possible
relation with ancient hermits who also lived in caves, as the ancient Greek
Sibyls and finally, she has explained some facts about TheSong of the Sibyl, a
liturgical drama and a Gregorian chant, the lyrics of which comprise a prophecy
describing the Apocalypse, which has been performed in some Mediterranean
churches, on Christmas Eve nearly uninterruptedly since medieval times. It was
declared a Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity by
UNESCO on 16 November, 2010.
Paying
attention to the Sibyl -or to random-, the family has chosen to prepare their
next travel to London. The social situation with a health crisis can do that
this new travel was an Odyssey, because of this; The Grandma has decided to
offer some rules and advice:
-Don't be
panic
-Follow the
official channels
-Trust in
the British government
-Take your
passport always with you
-Don't go
alone (we are a family)
-You
shouldn't be worried, you should enjoy the travel
-You should
use your credit card (unfinished credit) to avoid touching notes and coins
-You should
talk to everyone to practice English (it is a fantastic opportunity)
-You should
use your new IPhone11, if you have any kind of trouble (911)
-Take a lot
of photos and share with the family by Signal
The Odyssey, in Greek Ὀδύσσεια, is one of two major ancient Greek epic poems attributed to Homer. It is, in part, a sequel to the Iliad, the other Homeric epic. The Odyssey is fundamental to the modern Western canon; it is the second-oldest extant work of Western literature, while the Iliad is the oldest. Scholars believe the Odyssey was composed near the end of the 8th century BC, somewhere in Ionia, the Greek coastal region of Anatolia.
The poem mainly focuses on the Greek hero Odysseus, known as Ulysses in Roman myths, king of Ithaca, and his journey home after the fall of Troy.
It takes Odysseus ten years to reach Ithaca after the ten-year Trojan War. In his absence, it is assumed Odysseus has died, and his wife Penelope and son Telemachus must deal with a group of unruly suitors, the Mnesteres, in Greek Μνηστῆρες or Proci, who compete for Penelope's hand in marriage.
Carlos, And then there were none & The Odyssey
The Odyssey continues to be read in the Homeric Greek and translated into modern languages around the world. Many scholars believe the original poem was composed in an oral tradition by an aoidos (epic poet/singer), perhaps a rhapsode (professional performer), and was more likely intended to be heard than read. The details of the ancient oral performance and the story's conversion to a written work inspire continual debate among scholars.
The Odyssey was written in a poetic dialect of Greek -a literary amalgam of Aeolic Greek, Ionic Greek, and other Ancient Greek dialects- and comprises 12,110 lines of dactylic hexameter. Among the most noteworthy elements of the text are its non-linear plot, and the influence on events of choices made by women and slaves, besides the actions of fighting men. In the English language as well as many others, the word odyssey has come to refer to an epic voyage.
The Odyssey has a lost sequel, The Telegony, which was not attributed to Homer. It was usually attributed in antiquity to Cinaethon of Sparta. In one source, the Telegony was said to have been stolen from Musaeus of Athens by either Eugamon or Eugammon of Cyrene.
Odysseus' name means troubl" in Greek, referring to both the giving and receiving of trouble -as is often the case in his wanderings. An early example of this is the boar hunt that gave Odysseus the scar by which Eurycleia recognizes him; Odysseus is injured by the boar and responds by killing it. Odysseus' heroic trait is his mētis, or cunning intelligence. He is often described as the Peer of Zeus in Counsel. This intelligence is most often manifested by his use of disguise and deceptive speech.
As he sails away from the island of the Cyclopes, he shouts his name and boasts that nobody can defeat the Great Odysseus. The Cyclops then throws the top half of a mountain at him and prays to his father, Poseidon, saying that Odysseus has blinded him. This enrages Poseidon, causing the god to thwart Odysseus' homecoming for a very long time.
The Odyssey is written in dactylic hexameter. It opens in medias res, in the middle of the overall story, with prior events described through flashbacks or storytelling.
The events in the main sequence of the Odyssey, excluding Odysseus'embedded narrative of his wanderings, take place in the Peloponnese and in what are now called the Ionian Islands. There are difficulties in the apparently simple identification of Ithaca, the homeland of Odysseus, which may or may not be the same island that is now called Ithakē (Ιθάκη).
The wanderings of Odysseus as told to the Phaeacians, and the location of the Phaeacians' own island of Scheria, pose more fundamental problems, if geography is to be applied: scholars, both ancient and modern, are divided as to whether or not any of the places visited by Odysseus, after Ismaros and before his return to Ithaca, are real
Today, The Grandma has arrived to Sant Boi de Llobregat to start a new English course with a new family, The Watsons.
Sant Boi de Llobregat is a town of 82,142 inhabitants in the Barcelona province in Catalonia, located aside the Llobregat river.
Though the main business activity is centred in the trading and service sector, Sant Boi also has a remarkable industrial activity, especially for metallurgy; agriculture is stimulated by the fertile alluvial lands at the mouth of Llobregat river and a mild climate, producing a wide variety of vegetables like the famous Llobregat's delta artichokes.
The finding of archeological remains corresponding to Iberian colonies (VI-I bC) and the Romans (I-V aC) - a noteworthy Roman bath is located near the river -suggests that the origins of Sant Boi can be found in pre-Roman times.
Like most of the surrounding lands, from the 8th to the 11th century the town was controlled by the Moors, until their expulsion from Iberia during the Reconquista. The Moors called it Alcala, which means castle, due to the existence of a hillock from where the river and the valley were dominated.
During the Middle Ages the village was progressively populated, growing from the surroundings of the castle to adjacent zones. A baroque-style church was built during the 16th century. The growth kept on during the following centuries, giving rise to numerous Masies, typical Catalan agricultural housing, near the river and the most fertile lands. At the end of the 19th century Sant Boi was a village of nearly 5000 inhabitants, with an economy mainly based in agriculture.
At the beginnings of the 20th century the first industries flourished in Sant Boi, ranging from brick manufacture to metalwork. With the end of the Spanish Civil War in 1939 there is a massive inflow of immigration coming from diverse points of the Spanish geography. These flows of population consisted mainly in people from villages and small towns searching a job and career opportunities in the town of Barcelona, stimulated by the increasing demand of workmanship in the regrowth of the Catalan industry during the post-war period.
The population rises from 10.000 people in 1940 to 65.000 in 1975. This period is characterized by the construction of complete quarters (Casablanca, Camps Blancs, Cooperativa) dedicated to housing for the immigration.
The Grandma with some nice old British friends
Nowadays Sant Boi is a town with more than 80,000 inhabitants, with well-established industrial and services sectors, and a healthy cultural and recreational offer. The town is divided into six districts: Ciutat Cooperativa-Molí Nou, Marianao-Can Paulet, BarriCentre, Vinyets-Molí Vell, CampsBlancs-Canons-Orioles and Casablanca.
It borders to the north with the towns of Santa Coloma de Cervelló, Sant Joan Despí and the village of Sant Climent de Llobregat, to the east with the town of Cornellà de Llobregat, to the west with Viladecans and to the south with El Prat de Llobregat, having a narrow land extension to the south that enters into the Mediterranean Sea.
The Watsons are a family integrated by twelve nice young European women who want to improve their English and who have worked very hard on their first day.
It is always a great pleasure to return to Sant Boi where The Grandma has wonderful old friends. She has met MJ again and they have been talking about this new course.
After introductions, The Grandma has started to talk about the course and The Watsons have studied the Imperative, how to convert Infinitives to Nouns (Gerunds) and the article A/An. They have also studied which is the correct order of the adjectives in English.
They have created some profiles and they have written a password game to play during the next days. Finally, after a little listening about the origin of the name of Sant Boi and the importance of the Roman baths, they have played with the bomb, one of The Grandma's favourite games.
Today, The Grandma has been revising her notes taken in her Logistics course in Sant Boi de Llobregat. She has been searching more information about shipping, a complex process that involves lots of information, places, protocols and instructions.
Working in Logistics is a team group. If a piece of the chain breaks, all the chain breaks and it is necessary to find the mistake and start again. It is very important to know who are your partners and whose works they are developing. This is the main reason because of The Grandma has played Who is Who, an amazing game of identification, and has revised her list of vocabulary about jobs.
The Grandma has been thinking about the importance of creating a shipping language, a code that allows the total identification of goods, transports, places, providers and customers. Language is an ancestral way of communication and every community or every economical sector has its own. Logistics has its own code created by acronyms.
The Grandma has read about the importance of learning languages talking about the example of Ramon Llull, the mathematician, polymath, philosopher, logician, Franciscan tertiary and writer from the Kingdom of Majorca. He is credited with writing the first major work of Catalan literature and also considered a pioneer of computation theory. Ramon Llull understood the importance of languages in communication and created his own codes and methods in a system named Ars Combinatoria.
The Grandma has searched more information about interesting languages used along the history like Navajo -Native American Language- and Silbo Gomero(Canary Islands) or codes like the Bell's Code -used by churches, sea transport and railway- and El Barallete a largely vanished argot which used to be employed by the traditional knife-sharpeners and umbrella-repairers (afiadores e paragüeiros) of the Galician province of Ourense.
She has also read about how Occitan poets and Gypsy people used poetryand Tarot cards, respectively, as a method to transfer information in a hidden way.
Freight transport is the physical process of transporting commodities and merchandise goods and cargo. The term shipping originally referred to transport by sea but in American English, it has been extended to refer to transport by land or air, in International English: carriage, as well. Logistics, a term borrowed from the military environment, is also used in the same sense.
Ricard is preparing a new shipping
Much freight transport is done by ships. An individual nation's fleet and the people that crew it are referred to as its merchant navy or merchant marine. Merchant shipping is the lifeblood of the world economy, carrying 90% of international trade with 102,194 commercial ships worldwide. On rivers and canals, barges are often used to carry bulk cargo.
Cargo is transported by air in specialized cargo aircraft and in the luggage compartments of passenger aircraft. Air freight is typically the fastest mode for long-distance freight transport, but it is also the most expensive.
Intermodal freight transport refers to shipments that involve more than one mode. More specifically it usually refers to the use of intermodal shipping containers that are easily transferred between ship, rail, plane and truck.
For example, a shipper works together with both ground and air transportation to ship an item overseas. Intermodal freight transport is used to plan the route and carry out the shipping service from the manufacturer to the door of the recipient.
Common trading terms used in shipping goods internationally include:
-Free on Board (FOB)–the exporter delivers the goods at the specified location and on board the vessel. Costs paid by the exporter include load, lash, secure and stow the cargo, including securing cargo not to move in the ships hold, protecting the cargo from contact with the double bottom to prevent slipping, and protection against damage from condensation. For example, FOB JNPT means that the exporter delivers the goods to the Jawahar lal Nehru Port, India, and pays for the cargo to be loaded and secured on the ship. This term also declares where the responsibility of shipper ends and that of buyer starts. The exporter is bound to deliver the goods at his cost and expense. In this case, the freight and other expenses for outbound traffic are borne by the importer.
-Carriage and Freight, now known in the US as Cost and Freight, (C&F, CFR, CNF): Insurance is payable by the importer, and the exporter pays all expenses incurred in transporting the cargo from its place of origin to the port/airport and ocean freight/air freight to the port/airport of destination. For example, C&F Los Angeles, the exporter pays the ocean shipping/air freight costs to Los Angeles. Most of the governments ask their exporters to trade on these terms to promote their exports worldwide such as India and China. Many of the shipping carriers such as UPS, DHL, FedEx offer guarantees on their delivery times. These are known as GSR guarantees or guaranteed service refunds; if the parcels are not delivered on time, the customer is entitled to a refund.
Freight Transportation
-Carriage, Insurance and Freight, now known in the US as cost, insurance and freight (CIF): Insuranceand Freight are all paid by the exporter to the specified location.
For example, at CIF Los Angeles, the exporter pays the ocean shipping/air freight costs to Los Angeles including the insurance of cargo. This also states that responsibility of the shipper ends at the Los Angeles port.
-The term best way generally implies that the shipper will choose the carrier who offers the lowest rate, to the shipper, for the shipment. In some cases, however, other factors, such as better insurance or faster transit time will cause the shipper to choose an option other than the lowest bidder.
-Door-to-door shipping is a service provided by many international shipping companies. The quoted price of this service includes all shipping, handling, import and customs duties, making it a hassle-free option for customers to import goods from one jurisdiction to another. This is compared to standard shipping, the price of which typically includes only the expenses incurred by the shipping company in transferring the object from one place to another. Customs fees, import taxes and other tariffs may contribute substantially to this base price before the item ever arrives.
Freight is usually organized into various shipment categories before it is transported. An item's category is determined by:
-The type of item being carried. For example, a kettle could fit into the category 'household goods'.
-How large the shipment is, in terms of both item size and quantity.
-How long the item for delivery will be in transit.
Shipments are typically categorized as household goods, express, parcel, and freight shipments:
-Household Goods (HHG) include furniture, art and similar items.
-Express: Very small business or personal items like envelopes are considered overnight express or express letter shipments. These shipments are rarely over a few kilograms or pounds and almost always travel in the carrier's own packaging. Express shipments almost always travel some distance by air. An envelope may go coast to coast in the United States overnight or it may take several days, depending on the service options and prices chosen by the shipper.
-Parcel: Larger items like small boxes are considered parcels or ground shipments. These shipments are rarely over 50 kg, with no single piece of the shipment weighing more than about 70 kg. Parcel shipments are always boxed, sometimes in the shipper's packaging and sometimes in carrier-provided packaging. Service levels are again variable but most ground shipments will move about 800 to 1,100 km per day. Depending on the origin of the package, it can travel from coast to coast in the United States in about four days. Parcel shipments rarely travel by air and typically move via road and rail. Parcels represent the majority of Business-to-Consumer (B2C) shipments.
-Freight: Beyond HHG, express, and parcel shipments, movements are termed freight shipments.
The international shipping industry can be divided into four closely related shipping markets, each trading in a different commodity: the freight market, the sale and purchase market, the newbuilding market and the demolition market.
These four markets are linked by cash flow and push the market traders in the direction they want.
Freight Transportation
The freight market consists of shipowners, charterers and brokers. They use four types of contractual arrangements: the voyage charter, the contract of affreightment, the time charter and the bareboat charter.
Shipowners contract to carry cargo for an agreed price per tonne while the charter market hires out ships for a certain period. A charter is legally agreed upon in a charter-party in which the terms of the deal are clearly set out.
Freight derivatives, which includes Forward Freight Agreements (FFA), container freight swap agreements, container freight derivatives, physical-deliverable freight derivatives, and options based on these, are financial instruments for trading in future levels of freight rates, for dry bulk carriers, tankers and containerships.
These instruments are settled against various freight rate indices published by the Baltic Exchange (for Dry and most Wet contracts), Shanghai Shipping Exchange (International and domestic Dry Bulk, and International Containers), and Platt's (Asian Wet contracts), or physical delivered through Shanghai Shipping Freight Exchange.
FFAs are often traded over-the-counter, through broker members of the Forward Freight Agreement Brokers Association (FFABA), such as Arrow Futures, Clarkson's Securities, Marex Spectron, SSY -Simpson Spence Young, Braemar Seascope LTD, Freight Investor Services, BGC Partners, GFI Group, ACM Shipping Ltd, BRS, Tradition-Platou and ICAP. However, screen-based trading is becoming more popular, through various screens.
Trades can be given up for clearing by the broker to one of the clearing houses that support such trades, or be executed in integrated electronic exchange. There are five clearing houses for freight: NOS Clearing/NASDAQ OMX, EEX, CME Clearport, ICE Futures Europe and SGX, and one electronic exchange: Shanghai Shipping Freight Exchange.
Freight derivatives are primarily used by shipowners and operators, oil companies, trading companies, and grain houses as tools for managing freight rate risk. Recently, with commodities standing at the forefront of international economics, the large financial trading houses, including banks and hedge funds, have entered the market.
Baltic Dry Index measures the cost for shipping goods such as iron ore and
grains. The trading volume of dry freight derivatives, a market
estimated to be worth about $200 billion in 2007, grew as those needing
ships attempted to contain their risks and investment banks and hedge
funds looked to make profits from speculating on price movements. At the
close of the 2007 financial year, the number of traded lots on dry FFAs
doubled the derived physical product.
Freight Transportation
Shanghai Shipping Freight Exchange is the first electronic shipping freight exchange in the world. It has three lines of businesses, including International Dry Bulk, Domestic Coastal Coal, and International Container.
The container freight derivatives were launched in 2011 and shortly became the most liquid container freight contracts. Based on the success and experience from container freight contracts, SSEFC launched coastal coal contracts in 2012. In 2014, in order to better achieve the risk shifting effect of shipping freight derivatives, SSEFC innovated and launched the world's first physical-deliverable shipping capacity contract.
In the sale and purchase market, second-hand ships are traded between shipowners. The administrative procedures used are roughly the same as in the real-estate business, using a standard contract. Trading ships is an important source of revenue for shipowners, as the prices are very volatile. The second hand value of ships depends on freight rates, age, inflation and expectations.
The newbuilding market deals with transactions between shipowners and shipbuilders. Contract negotiation can be very complex and extend beyond price. They also cover ship specifications, delivery date, stage payments and finance. The prices on the newbuilding market are very volatile and sometimes follow the prices on the sale and purchase market.
On the demolition market, ships are sold for scrap. The transactions happen between shipowners and demolition merchants, often with speculators acting as intermediaries.
A Full Container Load (FCL) is an ISO standard container that is loaded and unloaded under the risk and account of one shipper and only one consignee.
In practice, it means that the whole container is intended for one consignee. FCL container shipment tends to have lower freight rates than an equivalent weight of cargo in bulk. FCL is intended to designate a container loaded to its allowable maximum weight or volume, but FCL in practice on ocean freight does not always mean a full payload or capacity -many companies will prefer to keep a 'mostly' full container as a single container load to simplify logistics and increase security compared to sharing a container with other goods.
Less-than-Container Load (LCL) is a shipment that is not large enough to fill a standard cargo container. The abbreviation LCL formerly applied to less than (railway) car load for quantities of material from different shippers or for delivery to different destinations carried in a single railway car for efficiency. LCL freight was often sorted and redistributed into different railway cars at intermediate railway terminals en route to the final destination.
LCL is a quantity of cargo less than that required for the application of a carload rate. A quantity of cargo less than that which fills the visible or rated capacity of an inter-modal container. It can also be defined as a consignment of cargo which is inefficient to fill a shipping container. It is grouped with other consignments for the same destination in a container at a container freight station.
After reading all this information about shipping goods, markets and instructions, The Grandma has explained For/Since prepositions and Imperative, the best tense to give instructions.
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