EILEEN M. COLLINS, COMMANDER OF THE SPACE SHUTTLE

Today, The Grandma has received the wonderful visit of Joseph of Ca'th Lon, who has left his beloved Switzerland to spend a few weeks with her. A major eclipse is scheduled for August 12th, and Joseph and The Grandma are preparing for the occasion.

As they waited for that day to arrive, while having breakfast and listening only to the sound of waves crashing against the rocks, the two friends have been talking about Eileen Collins, the American astronaut who became the first female space shuttle commander on this day in 1999.

When people think of the pioneers of space exploration, names like Neil Armstrong, Yuri Gagarin or John Glenn usually come to mind. Their achievements transformed humanity's understanding of what was possible beyond Earth. Yet the history of spaceflight is also shaped by individuals who broke barriers that were not technological, but social.

Among those pioneers stands Eileen Collins, a woman whose determination, skill and leadership changed the history of NASA forever. She became the first woman to pilot a Space Shuttle, the first woman to command one, and later led one of the most important missions in the agency's history: the return of the Shuttle fleet to flight after the tragic loss of Columbia.

Her career is about much more than collecting firsts. It is the story of someone who pursued excellence in one of the world's most demanding professions, proving that talent and perseverance matter far more than gender.

Today, every woman who flies military aircraft, commands spacecraft or dreams of exploring Mars walks through a door that pioneers like Eileen Collins helped to open.

Eileen Marie Collins was born on November 19, 1956, in Elmira, New York, a city with a rich aviation history. From an early age she became fascinated by airplanes and by the possibility of flying.

Unlike many astronauts of previous generations, Collins did not grow up during an era when women were encouraged to become pilots. Commercial aviation, military aviation and the astronaut corps were almost entirely male professions.

At that time, NASA had never selected a female astronaut. Many people would have accepted those limitations as reality. Collins did not.

Instead of allowing society's expectations to define her future, she focused on preparing herself. She studied mathematics and economics before continuing her education in operations research and space systems management. Every decision she made moved her one step closer to the cockpit.

She once explained that she never expected success to come easily. She simply believed that if she became good enough, opportunities would eventually appear. History proved her right.

The United States Air Force became one of the most important chapters of Collins' career. Military aviation demands exceptional discipline, precision and emotional control. Pilots must make life-changing decisions within seconds while operating extraordinarily complex aircraft.

For decades, women had been largely excluded from these opportunities. Collins entered military pilot training at a time when female pilots were still extremely rare. Rather than asking for special treatment, she focused on mastering every aspect of flying. Her professionalism earned the respect of fellow pilots and instructors alike. Eventually she accumulated thousands of flight hours across numerous aircraft and later became a respected flight instructor and test pilot. These experiences were crucial.

NASA's Space Shuttle was often described as one of the most complicated vehicles ever built. Flying it safely required exactly the kind of technical expertise and calm decision-making that Collins had spent years developing.

Everything changed in 1990. NASA selected Eileen Collins as an astronaut. Only twelve years earlier, in 1978, NASA had chosen its first class of female astronauts, including Sally Ride, Judith Resnik, Anna Fisher and Kathryn Sullivan. 

Collins belonged to the generation that transformed those first breakthroughs into normal professional achievement. After years of demanding training, she qualified as a Shuttle pilot. Even then, another barrier remained. No woman had ever piloted the Shuttle. That would soon change.

In February 1995, Space Shuttle Discovery lifted off on mission STS-63. For Collins, it represented a personal milestone. She became the first woman ever to pilot a Space Shuttle. But the mission itself carried an even deeper historical significance. STS-63 marked the first close rendezvous between a Space Shuttle and the Russian space station Mir.

Only a few years earlier, such cooperation would have seemed unimaginable. During the Cold War, the United States and the Soviet Union had competed fiercely in the Space Race. The launch of Sputnik. Yuri Gagarin's first orbital flight. Apollo. The Moon landings. Each achievement symbolized national prestige. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, however, space exploration became an opportunity for cooperation rather than competition.

The Shuttle-Mir Program represented a remarkable political and scientific transformation. Instead of racing against one another, American astronauts and Russian cosmonauts began working together. STS-63 approached Mir to within only a few metres, rehearsing techniques that would later become essential for docking operations. Those experiences directly contributed to the construction of the International Space Station (ISS), one of the greatest examples of peaceful international cooperation ever achieved. Collins therefore became part of two historic moments simultaneously: the first woman to pilot a Shuttle, and one of the astronauts helping transform former Cold War rivals into scientific partners.

Her second mission, STS-84 in 1997, continued NASA's cooperation with Mir. The Shuttle docked successfully with the station, delivering supplies, scientific equipment and exchanging crew members. These missions taught NASA valuable lessons about long-duration human spaceflight. Engineers studied how astronauts adapted to months in orbit. Scientists investigated the effects of microgravity on the human body. Operational teams refined the procedures that would later become routine aboard the International Space Station. Every successful Shuttle-Mir mission became another building block toward humanity's permanent presence in space.

In July 1999, Collins made history again. She became the first woman ever to command a Space Shuttle during mission STS-93. Commanding a Shuttle was an enormous responsibility. The commander was responsible not only for flying the spacecraft but also for leading the crew and making critical decisions throughout the mission.

NASA entrusted Collins with launching the Chandra X-ray Observatory, one of the most powerful space telescopes ever built. Unlike optical telescopes such as Hubble, Chandra observes the universe through X-rays, allowing astronomers to study black holes, exploding stars, neutron stars and the hottest regions of the cosmos. Although the launch experienced unexpected technical problems shortly after liftoff, Collins remained calm. The mission continued successfully.

Chandra reached orbit and remains one of NASA's greatest scientific observatories, continuing to produce discoveries more than two decades later. Her leadership during STS-93 demonstrated exactly why NASA had chosen her. She was not simply making history because she was a woman. She was leading because she was exceptionally capable.

On February 1, 2003, Space Shuttle Columbia disintegrated during re-entry, killing all seven astronauts aboard. The accident shocked the world. NASA grounded the Shuttle fleet while engineers investigated every aspect of the disaster. The investigation concluded that damage caused by insulating foam striking the Shuttle's wing during launch had allowed superheated gases to enter during re-entry. The tragedy forced NASA to rethink its safety culture. Procedures changed. Inspection techniques improved. Repair methods were developed. Every future mission would face unprecedented scrutiny. When the agency finally prepared to fly again, the choice of commander became enormously important. NASA selected Eileen Collins.

Mission STS-114, launched in July 2005, carried enormous expectations. Its objective extended far beyond scientific research. The mission needed to restore confidence in the Shuttle program itself. Collins led a crew responsible for testing new inspection procedures, evaluating repair techniques and delivering supplies to the International Space Station. Every stage of the mission was watched by millions around the world. The crew performed detailed inspections of the Shuttle while in orbit using new imaging technologies. For the first time, NASA carefully examined the spacecraft in space to identify any damage before returning home. STS-114 succeeded. The mission demonstrated that NASA had learned valuable lessons from Columbia. Although later missions continued improving safety procedures, Collins' flight marked the beginning of the Shuttle program's final successful decade. Few astronauts have carried greater responsibility.

People often describe Collins through the milestones she achieved. First female pilot. First female commander. Yet those achievements tell only part of the story. Her greatest contribution may have been her leadership style. Colleagues consistently described her as calm, prepared and deeply committed to teamwork. She believed that successful space missions depended on trust rather than individual heroics. Her example challenged outdated stereotypes without ever making confrontation her primary message. Instead, she allowed excellence to speak for itself. That approach earned respect throughout NASA.

Today, women serve as fighter pilots, airline captains, astronauts and commanders across the world. NASA's Artemis programme aims to land the first woman on the Moon. Female astronauts regularly command missions aboard the International Space Station. This progress did not happen automatically. Every generation has depended upon pioneers willing to enter environments where few people looked like them. Collins belongs among those pioneers. Her career demonstrated that leadership is defined by competence, preparation and integrity -not by gender. Young girls visiting air shows today can see women flying military aircraft. Students interested in engineering can imagine themselves designing spacecraft. Future astronauts no longer need to wonder whether women belong in space. That question has already been answered.

Space exploration has always represented humanity's desire to go further than previous generations believed possible. Sometimes those frontiers are physical. Sometimes they are social. Eileen Collins crossed both. She flew beyond Earth's atmosphere while simultaneously helping society move beyond outdated assumptions about who could lead the most complex missions ever attempted. The significance of her achievements extends well beyond NASA. They remind us that progress often depends on individuals willing to prepare for opportunities that do not yet exist. 

When Collins began dreaming of becoming a pilot, there was no female Space Shuttle commander. When she entered military flight training, few believed women would one day command spacecraft. When she joined NASA, many barriers still remained. She overcame them all. Not through slogans. Not through publicity. But through discipline, professionalism and exceptional ability. Her story is ultimately not only about women in space. It is about human potential. It reminds us that history changes when talent is allowed to flourish, regardless of background.

As humanity prepares for new journeys -to the Moon, to Mars and beyond- the example of Eileen Collins continues to inspire a simple but powerful idea: The future belongs to those who dare to imagine themselves where no one like them has gone before.

More information: Eileen Collins

We want to explore. 
We're curious people. 
Look back over history, 
people have put their lives at stake 
to go out and explore... 
We believe in what we're doing. 
Now it's time to go.

Eileen Collins