Today, The Stones have said goodbye to HawaiianIslands and they have started a new trip destination Tierra del Fuego.
It has been a pleasure and a great experience visiting the HawaiianIslands and they are sure they will return very soon because they are owners of a little part of them.
In that moment, the family is flying somewhere over the Ocean. Some of them are studying SecondConditional, other are watching StarWars films or listening to music.
The Grandma is listening to BeyondtheSea, one of her favourite songs, one that talks about the sea and about travels without return.
Beyond the Sea is a 1945 contemporary pop romantic love song by Jack Lawrence, with music taken from the song La Mer by Charles Trenet.
Trenet had composed La Mer, which means the Sea, with French lyrics. It had some differences to the English-language version that Lawrence later wrote. Trenet's French version was a homage and ode to the changing moods of the sea, while Lawrence, by just adding one word Beyond to the title, gave him the start whereby he made the song into a love song.
Beyond the Sea has been recorded by many artists, but Bobby Darin's version released in late 1959 is the best known by many, reaching No. 6 on the Billboard Hot 100, No. 15 on the US R&B Chart, and No. 8 in the UK Singles Chart in early 1960.
Before Bobby Darin's, two recordings reached the Top 40 of the Billboard Hot 100. Benny Goodman's version charted in 1948, and was featured in the Cary Grant/Betsy Drake romantic comedy Every Girl Should Be Married. Roger Williams' recording reached No. 37 in 1955.
Deana Martin recorded Beyond the Sea in 2013. The song was released on her album, Destination Moon, in 2013 by Big Fish Records.
American R&B singer George Benson recorded an R&B version of the song under the title Beyond The Sea (La Mer). It was released on Warner Bros. This version entered the UK Singles Chart on 20 April 1985. It reached a peak position of no. 60 and remained on the chart for three weeks.
The first recording of Beyond the Sea was by Harry James and His Orchestra on December 22, 1947 and the first recording of La Mer was by French jazz musician Roland Gerbeau in December 1945.
Today, The Grandma has invested in a new project. She has bought Kahoʻolawe. She has thought it could be a good present for The Stones. She has been inspired by The Robinson's story ans she has decided to do this important step.
Kahoʻolawe, anglicized as Kahoolawe, is the smallest of the eight main volcanic islands in the Hawaiian Islands.
Kahoʻolawe is located about 11 km southwest of Maui and also southeast of Lānaʻi, and it is 18 km long by 9.7 km wide, with a total land area of 116.47 km2. The highest point on Kahoʻolawe is the crater of Lua Makika at the summit of Puʻu Moaulanui, which is about 450 m above sea level.
Kahoʻolawe is relatively dry, average annual rainfall is less than 65 cm or 26 in, because the island's low elevation fails to generate much orographic precipitation from the northeastern trade winds, and Kahoʻolawe is located in the rain shadow of eastern Maui's 3,055 m volcano, Haleakalā. More than one quarter of Kahoʻolawe has been eroded down to saprolitic hardpan soil, largely on exposed surfaces near the summit.
Kahoʻolawe has always been sparsely populated, due to its lack of freshwater. During World War II, Kahoʻolawe was used as a training ground and bombing range by the Armed Forces of the United States.
After decades of protests, the U.S. Navy ended live-fire training exercises on Kahoʻolawe in 1990, and the whole island was transferred to the jurisdiction of the state of Hawaii in 1994.
The Hawaii State Legislature established the Kahoʻolawe Island Reserve to restore and to oversee the island and its surrounding waters. Today Kahoʻolawecan be used only for native Hawaiian cultural, spiritual, and subsistencepurposes.
The U.S. Census Bureau defines Kahoʻolawe as Block Group 9, Census Tract 303.02 of Maui County, Hawaii. Kahoʻolawe has no permanent residents.
Kahoʻolawe is an extinct shield volcano, which formed during the Pleistocene epoch. Most of the island is covered by basaltic lava flows. A caldera is located in the eastern part of the island. The last volcanic activity on the island occurred about one million years ago.
Sometime around the year 1000, Kahoʻolawe was settled by Polynesians,and small, temporary fishing communities were established along the coast. Some inland areas were cultivated. Puʻu Moiwi, a remnant cinder cone, is the location of the second-largest basalt quarry in Hawaiʻi, and this was mined for use in stone tools such as koʻi (adzes).
Originally a dry forest environment with intermittent streams, the land changed to an open savanna of grassland and trees when inhabitants cleared vegetation for firewood and agriculture.
Hawaiians built stone platforms for religious ceremonies, set rocks upright as shrines for successful fishing trips, and carved petroglyphs, or drawings, into the flat surfaces of rocks. These indicators of an earlier time can still be found on Kahoʻolawe.
While it is not known how many people inhabited Kahoʻolawe, the lack of freshwater probably limited the population to a few hundred people. As many as 120 people might have once lived at Hakioawa, the largest settlement, which was located at the northeastern end of the island -facing Maui.
From 1778 to the early 19th century, observers on passing ships reported that Kahoʻolawe was uninhabited and barren, destitute of both water and wood. After the arrival of missionaries from New England, the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi under the rule of King Kamehameha III replaced the death penalty with exile, and Kahoʻolawe became a men's penal colony sometime around 1830. Food and water were scarce, some prisoners reportedly starved, and some of them swam across the channel to Maui to find food. The law making the island a penal colony was repealed in 1853.
A survey of Kahoʻolawe in 1857 reported about 50 residents here, about 2,000 ha of land covered with shrubs, and a patch of sugarcane growth. Along the shore, tobacco, pineapple, gourds, pili grass, and scrub trees grew.
Beginning in 1858, the Hawaiian government leased Kahoʻolawe to a series of ranching ventures. Some of these proved to be more successful than others, but the lack of freshwater was an unrelenting hindrance. Through the next 80 years, the landscape changed dramatically, with drought and uncontrolled overgrazing denuding much of the island. Strong trade winds blew away most of the topsoil, leaving behind red hardpan dirt.
From 1910 to 1918, the Territory of
Hawaii designated Kahoʻolawe as a forest reserve in the hope of
restoring the island through a revegetation and livestock removal
program. This program failed, and leases again became available.
In 1918, the rancher Angus MacPhee of Wyoming, with the help of the landowner Harry Baldwin of Maui, leased the island for 21 years, intending to build a cattle ranch there. By 1932, the ranching operation was enjoying moderate success. After heavy rains, native grasses and flowering plants would sprout, but droughts always returned.
In 1941, MacPhee subletted part of the island to the U.S. Army. Later that year, because of continuing drought, MacPhee removed his cattle from the island.
In 1993, the Hawaiian State Legislature established the Kahoʻolawe IslandReserve, consisting of the entire island and its surrounding ocean waters in three km radius from the shore. By state law, Kahoʻolawe and its waters can beused only for Native Hawaiian cultural, spiritual, and subsistencepurposes; fishing; environmental restoration; historic preservation; andeducation. All commercial uses are prohibited.
The legislature also created the Kahoʻolawe Island Reserve Commission to manage the reserve while it is held in trust for a future Native Hawaiiansovereign entity. The restoration of Kahoʻolawe will require a strategy to control erosion, re-establish vegetation, recharge the water table, and gradually replace alien plants with native species.
Plans will include methods for damming gullies and reducing rainwater runoff. In some areas, non-native plants will temporarily stabilize soils before planting of permanent native species. Species used for revegetation include ʻaʻaliʻi (Dodonaea viscosa), ʻāheahea (Chenopodium oahuense), kuluʻī (Nototrichiumsandwicense), Achyranthes splendens, ʻūlei (Osteomeles anthyllidifolia),kāmanomano (Cenchrus agrimonioides var. agrimonioides), koaiʻa (Acacia koaia), and alaheʻe (Psydrax odorata).
In July 2015, a Business Plan for the Restoration of Hawaiian Bird Life and Native Ecosystems on Kahoolawe was proposed in partnership with KIRC, Island Conservation, DLNR, The Nature Conservancy, Protect Kaho‘olawe ‘Ohana, HDOA, American Bird Conservancy, and USFWS. The plan outlines the restoration of Kaho‘olawe Island through the removal of feral cats (Felis catus), rats (Rattusexulans) and mice (Mus musculus). The document investigates and addresses the biological, cultural, financial, and regulatory implications associated with the eradication.
Today, The Grandma has received sad news. A beloved friend has passed away.
The best 007 Agent, the unforgettable Dr. Jones, the immortal Juan Sánchez-Villalobos Ramírez, the great Richard Lionheart; the intelligent Franciscan friar William of Baskerville; the mysteryous Jim Malone, the brave Marko Aleksandrovich Ramius... the list is as eternal as the path that he has started to follow, a way to unknown like the Hawaiian people have done since they learnt how to sail by their canoas and how to say goodbye to their community when the moment arrives.
May the winds be with you, dear Sean! You will be forever young.
Hōkūleʻa is a performance-accurate waʻa kaulua, a Polynesian double-hulled voyaging canoe.
Launched on 8 March 1975 by the Polynesian Voyaging Society, she is best known for her 1976 Hawaiʻi to Tahiti voyage completed with exclusivelyPolynesian navigation techniques.
The primary goal of the voyage was to explore the anthropological theory of the Asiatic origin of native Oceanic people of Polynesians and Hawaiians in particular, as the result of purposeful trips through the Pacific, as opposed to passive drifting on currents, or sailing from the Americas. DNA analysis illuminates this theory. A secondary project goal was to have the canoe and voyage serve as vehicles for the cultural revitalization of Hawaiians and other Polynesians.
Between the 1976 voyage and 2009, Hōkūle‘a completed nine additional voyages to Micronesia, Polynesia, Japan, Canada and the mainland United States, all using ancient wayfinding techniques of celestial navigation.
On 19 January 2007, Hōkūle‘a left Hawaiʻi with the voyaging canoe Alingano Maisu on a voyage through Micronesia and ports in southern Japan. The voyage was expected to take five months.
On 9 June 2007, Hōkūle‘a completed the One Ocean, One People voyage to Yokohama, Japan.
On April 5, 2009, Hōkūle‘a returned to Honolulu following a roundtrip training sail to Palmyra Atoll, undertaken to develop skills of potential crewmembers for Hōkūle‘a's eventual circumnavigation of the earth.
On May 18, 2014, Hōkūle‘a and her sister vessel, Hikianalia embarked from Oahu for Malama Honua, a three-year circumnavigation of the earth. She returned to port in Hawaii on June 17, 2017. The journey covered 47,000 nautical miles with stops at 85 ports in 26 countries.
In between voyages, Hōkūle‘a is moored at the Marine Education Training Center (METC) of Honolulu Community College in Honolulu Harbor.
Polynesian voyaging canoes were made from wood, whereas Hōkūle‘a incorporates plywood, fiberglass and resin.
Hōkūle‘a measures 18.7 m LOA, 4.72 m at beam, displaces 7,260 kg when empty and can carry another 4,990 kg of gear, supplies and 12 to 16 crew. Fully laden, with her 50.2 m2 sail area, she is capable of speeds of 7 to 10 km/h while reaching in 46 km/h trade winds. Her twin masts are rigged either crab claw or Marconi style with a small jib. She is steered with a long paddle. She has no auxiliary motor. Her escort vessel tows her into harbor when necessary.
Her name means star of gladness in Hawaiian, which refers to Arcturus, a guiding zenith star for Hawaiian navigators. Arcturus passes directly overhead at Hawaiʻi's latitude, helping sailors find the islands.
Today, The Stones and TheGrandma have flown to Kaua'i, one of the Hawaiian Islands. Before flying, they have done some models of Cambridge Exams to prepare their next objective.
Kauaʻi is geologically the second-oldest of the mainHawaiian Islands after Niʻihau.
With an area of 1,456.4 km2, it is the fourth-largest of these islands and the 21st largest island in the United States. Known also as the Garden Isle, Kauaʻi lies 169 km across the KauaʻiChannel,northwest of Oʻahu. This island is the site of Waimea Canyon State Park.
The United States Census Bureau defines Kauaʻi as census tracts 401 through 409 of Kauai County, Hawaiʻi, which comprises all of the county except for the islands of Kaʻula, Lehua and Niʻihau. The 2010 United States Census population of the island was 66,921. The most populous town was Kapaʻa.
In 1778, Captain James Cook arrived at Waimea Bay, the first European known to have reached the Hawaiian islands. He named the archipelago the Sandwich Isles after his patron, the 6th Earl of Sandwich, George Montagu.
During the reign of King Kamehameha, the islands of Kauaʻi and Niʻihau were the last Hawaiian Islands to join his Kingdom of Hawaiʻi. Their ruler, Kaumualiʻi, resisted Kamehameha for years. King Kamehameha twice prepared a huge armada of ships and canoes to take the islands by force, and twice failed; once due to a storm, and once due to an epidemic. In the face of the threat of a further invasion, however, Kaumualiʻi decided to join the kingdom without bloodshed, and became Kamehameha's vassal in 1810. He ceded the island to the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi upon his death in 1824.
In 1815, a ship from the Russian-American Company was wrecked on the island. In 1816, an agreement was signed by Kaumualiʻi to allow the Russians to build Fort Elizabeth. It was an attempt by Kaumualiʻi to gain support from the Russians against Kamehameha I.
Construction was begun in 1817, but in July of that year under mounting resistance of Native Hawaiians and American traders the Russians were expelled. The settlement on Kauaʻi has been considered an abrupt instance of a Pacific outpost of the Russian Empire per se.
Hawaiian narrative locates the name's origin in the legend of Hawaiʻiloa, the Polynesian navigator credited with discovery of the Hawaiʻian Islands.
The story relates how he named the island of Kauaʻi after a favorite son; a possible translation of Kauaʻi is place around the neck, describing how a father would carry a favorite child. Another possible translation is food season.
Kauaʻi was known for its distinct dialect of the Hawaiian language; this survives on Niʻihau. While the standard language today adopts the dialect of Hawaiʻi island, which has the sound [k], the Kauaʻi dialect was known for pronouncing this as [t]. In effect, Kauaʻi dialect retained the old pan-Polynesian /t/, while standard Hawaiʻi dialect has changed it to the [k].
Therefore, the native name for Kauaʻi was said as Tauaʻi, and the major settlement of Kapaʻa would have been pro Kauaʻi's origins are volcanic, the island having been formed by the passage of the Pacific Plate over the Hawaii hotspot. At approximately five million years old, it is the oldest of the main islands. The highest peak on this mountainous island is Kawaikini at 1,598 m.
The second highest peak is Mount Waiʻaleʻale near the center of the island, 1,569 m above sea level. One of the wettest spots on earth, with an annual average rainfall of 11.7 m, is located on the east side of Mount Waiʻaleʻale. The high annual rainfall has eroded deep valleys in the central mountains, carving out canyons with many scenic waterfalls.
On the west side of the island, Waimea town is located at the mouth of the Waimea River, whose flow formed Waimea Canyon, one of the world's most scenic canyons, which is part of Waimea Canyon State Park. At three thousand feet 910 m deep, Waimea Canyon is often referred to as The Grand Canyon of the Pacific.
Kokeo Point lies on the south side of the island. The Na Pali Coast is a center for recreation in a wild setting, including kayaking past the beaches, or hiking on the trail along the coastal cliffs. The headland, Kuahonu Point, is on the south-east of the island.
Today, The Stones have flown to Maui,one of the Hawaiian Islands. TheGrandma, who is a great fan of volcanoes and Astronomy wants to visit this unique place on Earth. The family has revised some English grammar and practised some A2 Cambridge Exams.
The island of Maui is the second-largest of the Hawaiian Islands at 1,883 km2.
Maui is part of the State of Hawaii and is the largest of Maui County's four islands, which include Molokaʻi, Lānaʻi,and unpopulated Kahoʻolawe. In 2010, Maui had a population of 144,444, third-highest of the Hawaiian Islands,behind that of Oʻahu and Hawaiʻi Island. Kahului is the largest census-designated place (CDP) on the island with a population of 26,337 as of 2010, and is the commercial and financial hub of the island.
Wailuku is the seat of Maui County and is the third-largest CDP as of 2010. Other significant places include Kīhei (including Wailea and Makena in the KiheiTown CDP, the island's second-most-populated CDP), Lāhainā (including Kāʻanapali and Kapalua in the Lāhainā Town CDP), Makawao, Pukalani, Pāʻia, Kula, Haʻikū, and Hāna.
Native Hawaiian tradition gives the origin of the island's name in the legend of Hawaiʻiloa, the navigator credited with discovery of the Hawaiian Islands.
According to it, Hawaiʻiloa named the island after his son, who in turn was named for the demigod Māui. The earlier name of Maui was ʻIhikapalaumaewa.The Island of Maui is also called the Valley Isle for the large isthmus separating its northwestern and southeastern volcanic masses.
Maui's diverse landscapes are the result of a unique combination of geology, topography, and climate.
Each volcanic cone in the chain of the Hawaiian Islands is built of dark, iron-rich/quartz-poor rocks, which poured out of thousands of vents as highly fluid lava over a period of millions of years. Several of the volcanoes were close enough to each other that lava flows on their flanks overlapped one another, merging into a single island. Maui is such a volcanic doublet, formed from two shield volcanoes that overlapped one another to form an isthmus between them.
The older, western volcano has been eroded considerably and is cut by numerous drainages, forming the peaks of the West Maui Mountains in Hawaiian, MaunaKahalawai.
Puʻu Kukui is the highest of the peaks at 1,764 m. The larger, younger volcano to the east, Haleakalā, rises to more than 3,000 m above sea level, and measures 8.0 km from seafloor to summit.
The eastern flanks of both volcanoes are cut by deeply incised valleys and steep-sided ravines that run downslope to the rocky, windswept shoreline. The valley-like Isthmus of Maui that separates the two volcanic masses was formed by sandy erosional deposits.
Maui's last eruption, originating in Haleakalā's Southwest Rift Zone, occurred around 1790; two of the resulting lava flows are located at CapeKīnaʻu between ʻĀhihi Bay and La Perouse Bay on the southwest shore of EastMaui, and at Makaluapuna Point on Honokahua Bay on the northwest shore of West Maui. Considered to be dormant by volcanologists, Haleakalā is certainly capable of further eruptions.
Maui is part of a much larger unit, Maui Nui, that includes the islands of Lānaʻi, Kahoʻolawe, Molokaʻi, and the now submerged Penguin Bank. During periods of reduced sea level, including as recently as 20,000 years ago, they are joined together as a single island due to the shallowness of the channels between them.
Maui is an important center for advanced astronomical research. The Haleakala Observatory was Hawaii's first astronomical research and development facility, operating at the Maui Space Surveillance Site (MSSS) electro-optical facility. At the 10,023-foot summit of the long dormant volcano Haleakala, operational satellite tracking facilities are co-located with a research and development facility providing superb data acquisition and communication support. The high elevation, dry climate, and freedom from light pollution offer virtually year-round observation of satellites, missiles, man-made orbital debris, and astronomical objects.
Today, The Stones have been relaxing on their private beach. They have studied Used To and they have played some oral games to improve their speaking.
While The Stones were studying, The Grandma was reading about Lydia Liliʻu Loloku Walania Kamakaʻeha,the last Queen of Hawaii.
Liliʻuokalani aka Lydia Liliʻu Loloku Walania Kamakaʻeha (September 2, 1838-November 11, 1917) was the only queen regnant and the last sovereign monarch of the Hawaiian Kingdom, ruling from January 29, 1891, until the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom on January 17, 1893. The composer of Aloha ʻOe and numerous other works, she wrote her autobiography Hawaiʻi's Story by Hawaiʻi's Queen during her imprisonment following the overthrow.
Liliʻuokalani was born on September 2, 1838, in Honolulu, on the island of Oʻahu. While her natural parents were Analea Keohokālole and Caesar Kapaʻakea, she was hānai (informally adopted) at birth by Abner Pākī and Laura Kōnia and raised with their daughter Bernice Pauahi Bishop. Baptized as a Christian and educated at the Royal School, she and her siblings and cousins were proclaimed eligible for the throne by King Kamehameha III.
She was married to American-born John Owen Dominis, who later became the Governor of Oʻahu. The couple had no biological children but adopted several. After the accession of her brother David Kalākaua to the throne in 1874, she and her siblings were given Western style titles of Prince and Princess.
In 1877, after her younger brother Leleiohoku II's death, she was proclaimed as heir apparent to the throne. During the Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria, she represented her brother as an official envoy to the United Kingdom.
Liliʻuokalani ascended to the throne on January 29, 1891, nine days after her brother's death. During her reign, she attempted to draft a new constitution which would restore the power of the monarchy and the voting rights of the economically disenfranchised.
Threatened by her attempts to abrogate the Bayonet Constitution, pro-American elements in Hawaiʻi overthrew the monarchy on January 17, 1893. The overthrow was bolstered by the landing of US Marines under John L. Stevens to protect American interests, which rendered the monarchy unable to protect itself.
The coup d'état established the Republic of Hawaiʻi, but the ultimate goal was the annexation of the islands to the United States, which was temporarily blocked by President Grover Cleveland. After an unsuccessful uprising to restore the monarchy, the oligarchical government placed the former queen under house arrest at the ʻIolani Palace.
On January 24, 1895, Liliʻuokalani was forced to abdicate the Hawaiianthrone, officially ending the deposed monarchy. Attempts were made to restore the monarchy and oppose annexation, but with the outbreak of the Spanish-American War, the United States annexed Hawaiʻi. Living out the remainder of her later life as a private citizen, Liliʻuokalani died at her residence, Washington Place, in Honolulu on November 11, 1917.
The cause of Hawaii and independence is larger and dearer than the life of any man connected with it. Love of country is deep-seated in the breast of every Hawaiian, whatever his station.
The Stones & The Grandma continue in Waimānalo. Today, they have decided to visit Sea Life Park Hawaii a marine mammal park, bird sanctuary and aquarium. They have enjoyed seeing animals and they have learnt lots of things about nature conservation in Hawaii.
Sea Life Park Hawaii is a marine mammalpark, bird sanctuary and aquarium in Waimānalo near Makapuʻu Point, north of Hanauma Bay on the island of Oahu in Hawaii.
The park first opened in 1964, and includes exhibits that let visitors interact with the animals by swimming with dolphins, sea lions, and rays, taking a sea safari in the aquarium, and feeding the sea turtles. The park was acquired in 2008 and is operated by Palace Entertainment, the U.S. subsidiary of Parques Reunidos from Dolphin Discovery, which had acquired it in 2005.
The Hawaiian Reef Aquarium is a 1,100 m3 tank that is home to more than 2000 reef animals, including sharks, stingrays, turtles, and schools of tropical fish.
The Hawaiian Ocean Theater is the venue for the main shows, which includes dolphins, penguins, and sea lions. The shows include information about the newest training techniques and about the park's conservation efforts.
The Penguin Habitat is home to the park's penguins, which are part of the Association of Zoos and Aquariums Species Survival Plan for the Humboldt penguin.
Visitors can interact with the animals at the Sea Turtle Feeding Pool, StingRay Lagoon, Swim with the Sea Lions and Swim with Dolphins pools.
The Dolphin Cove Show features an open-air theater from which visitors can watch dolphin performances.
The Bird Sanctuary is home to many wild marine birds including iwa(great frigatebirds), boobys, shearwaters, and albatrosses, most of whichcame to the sanctuary sick or injured. Visitors can see how these birds are cared for and rehabilitated.
The Hawaiian Monk Seal Habitat lets visitors see these native animals, and interact with the trainers before and after the shows.
Sea Life Park Hawaii includes several programs that let visitors interact directly with the animals in the water. All programs are run several times daily.
-Dolphin Royal Swim Program, Dolphin Swim Adventure, DolphinEncounter, and Dolphin Aloha all let visitors interact directly with dolphins in the water.
-Sea Lion Discovery lets visitors swim and play with sea lions in the water. Visitors are also taught the signalling system used by the trainers to communicate with these animals.
-Sea Trek Adventure is an underwater stroll in the Hawaiian Reef Tank,surrounded by eels, stingrays, sea turtles, and numerous other reef species.
-Ray Training Demonstration is and experience where you can train stingrays and interact with them and perform ope-rant conditioning.
-Penguin Habitat & Penguin Trainer Talk. Be able to interact with penguins and hear a brief history of them as well as learn how they swim and play with each other.
-Park Conservation Tour Wonderful Tour around the park and has educational history of each creature and the history on how it ties with the park on the conservation and preservation to marine life.
-Shark Encounter Adventure Tour Visitors will receive a narrated tour of the East Side of the Island and scuba diving with Hawaiian Sharks with transportation in a chauffeur driven style, newer model, all black, air-conditioned, and fully insured, Royal Hawaiian Limousine luxury vehicle!
Sea Life Park Hawaii is active in several conservation areas, including the release of adolescent green sea turtles that were hatched and raised at the park, hundreds of which are released into the wild each year. The park's last spinner dolphin was released in 1983.
Today, The Stones & The Grandma have visited Hana, the hometown of IsabellaAiona Abbott,the Hawaiian ethnobotanist who became the leading expert on Pacific algae.
Isabella Aiona Abbott (June 20, 1919-October 28, 2010) was an educator, phycologist, andethnobotanist from Hawaii.
The first native Hawaiian woman to receive a PhD in science, she became the leading expert on Pacific algae.
Abbott was born Isabella Kauakea Yau Yung Aiona in Hana, Maui, Territory of Hawaii, on June 20, 1919. Her Hawaiian name means white rain of Hana and she was known as Izzy. Her father was ethnically Chinese while her mother was a Native Hawaiian. Her mother taught her about edible Hawaiian seaweeds and the value and diversity of Hawaii's native plants. Abbott was the only girl and second youngest in a family of eight siblings.
She grew up in Honolulu near Waikiki, and graduated from Kamehameha Schools in 1937. She received her undergraduate degree in botany at the University of Hawaii at Mānoa in 1941, a master's degree in botany from the University of Michigan in 1942, and a PhD in botany from the University of California, Berkeley in 1950. She married zoologist Donald Putnam Abbott (1920–1986), who had been a fellow student at the University of Hawaii as well as Berkeley. The couple moved to Pacific Grove, California where her husband taught at the Hopkins Marine Station run by Stanford University.
Since at that time women were rarely considered for academic posts, she spent time raising her daughter Annie Abbott Foerster, while studying the algae of theCalifornia coast. She adapted recipes to use the local bull kelp (Nereocystis) in foods such as cakes and pickles.
In 1966 she became a research associate and taught as a lecturer at Hopkins. She compiled a book on marine algae of the Monterey peninsula, which later was expanded to include all of the California coast. She was awarded the Darbaker Prize by the Botanical Society of America in 1969. By 1972, Stanford University promoted her directly to full professor.
In 1982 both Abbotts retired and moved back to Hawaii, where she was hired by the University of Hawaii to study ethnobotany, the interaction of humans and plants.
She authored eight books and over 150 publications. She was considered the world's leading expert on Hawaiian seaweeds, known in the Hawaiian language as limu. She was credited with discovering over 200 species, with several named after her, including the Rhodomelaceae family (red algae) genus of Abbottella. This earned her the nickname First Lady of Limu.
In 1993 she received the Charles Reed Bishop Medal and in 1997 she received the Gilbert Morgan Smith Medal from the National Academy of Sciences.
She was the G. P. Wilder Professor of Botany from 1980 until her retirement in 1982, upon then her and her husband moved to Hawaii where she continued her research as the professor emerita of botany at the University of Hawaii. She served on the board of directors of the Bernice P. Bishop Museum. In November 1997 she co-authored an essay in the Honolulu Star-Bulletin criticizing the trustees of Kamehameha Schools, which led to its reorganization.
In 2005, she was named a Living Treasure of Hawai'i by the Honpa Hongwanji Mission of Hawaii.
She was considered the foremost authority on the algae of the Pacific Ocean basin and in 2008 she received a lifetime achievement award from the Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources for her studies of coral reefs.
Isabella Kauakea Aiona Abbott died at October 28, 2010 at the age of 91 at her home in Honolulu.
Abbott's surviving family includes a daughter who resides in Hawaii and a granddaughter who lives in Hawaii.
To preserve Abbott's legacy and career as a botanist, the University of Hawaii established a scholarship to support graduate research in Hawaiian ethnobotany and marine botany.
Today, The Stones and The Grandma have visited Waimānalo Beach, one of the most beautiful places in Hawaii.
Waimānalo Beach is a census-designated place (CDP) located in the City & County of Honolulu, in the District of Koʻolaupoko, on the island of Oʻahu in the U.S. state of Hawaiʻi.
This small windward community is located near the eastern end of the island, and the climate is dry.
As of the 2010 Census, the CDP had a population of 4,481. This neighborhood is close to, but somewhat separate from Waimānalo, although the two form a single community.
Waimānalo Beach (the town) lies along the eastern half of Waimānalo Beach (the beach), with an overall length of nearly 8.9 km, the longest stretch of sandy shoreline on Oʻahu.
Waimānalo Beach has sparse commercial development along Kalanianaole Highway, and is noteworthy for its local flavor and proximity to Makapuʻu Beach and Sea Life Park, which lie closer to Makapuʻu Point at the east end of the island of Oʻahu. There are no hotels here.
Kazuo Sakamaki, the first prisoner of war taken by U.S. forces during World War II, was captured on December 8, 1941 on Waimānalo Beach the day after the surprise attack on Pearl Harbor and surrounding targets in Honolulu by Imperial Japanese Navy forces.
The Anderson Estate, which was featured in the TV series Magnum, P.I. as Robin's Nest, is located in Waimānalo Beach.
Waimānalo Beach is located at 21°20′1″N 157°41′53″W. The nearest town is Waimānalo to the west.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 7.7 km2, of which 5.1 km2 is land and 2.6 km2 is water. The total area is 33.45% water.
As of the census of 2000, there were 4,271 people, 1,006 households, and 848 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 2,617.1 people per 1,011.7/km2. There were 1,046 housing units at an average density of 640.9 per 247.8/km2. The racial makeup of the CDP was 12.97% White, 0.09% African American, 0.23% Native American, 5.34% Asian, 47.39% Pacific Islander, 0.63% from other races, and 33.34% from two or more races. 6.49% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There were 1,006 households, out of which 28.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.4% were married couples living together, 23.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 15.7% were non-families. 8.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 2.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 4.25 and the average family size was 4.50.
In the CDP the population was spread out, with 26.7% under the age of 18, 10.3% from 18 to 24, 28.9% from 25 to 44, 22.5% from 45 to 64, and 11.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females there were 97.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.7 males.
The median income for a household in the CDP was $55,781, and the median income for a family was $57,281. Males had a median income of $35,074 versus $25,440 for females. The per capita income for the town was $16,089. 8.5% of the population and 5.5% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 5.3% of those under the age of 18 and 7.9% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.
Today, The Stones and The Grandma have visited the University of Hawaiʻi, in Mānoa, Honolulu.There,they have assisted to an interesting conference about the endemism in Hawaii Islands.
Before visiting the University, the family has studied an interesting English lesson about Reflexive Pronouns.
Located about 3680 km from the nearest continental shore, the HawaiianIslands are the most isolated group of islands on the planet. The plant and animal life of the Hawaiian archipelago is the result of early, very infrequent colonizations of arriving species and the slow evolution of those species -in isolation from the rest of the world's flora and fauna-over a period of at least 5 million years. As a consequence, Hawai'i is home to a large number of endemic species.
The radiation of species described by Charles Darwin in the Galapagos Islands which was critical to the formulation of his theory of evolution is far exceeded in the more isolated Hawaiian Islands.
The relatively short time that the existing main islands of the archipelago have been above the surface of the ocean, less than 10 million years, is only a fraction of time span over which biological colonization and evolution have occurred in the archipelago.
High, volcanic islands have existed in the Pacific far longer, extending in a chain to the northwest; these once mountainous islands are now reduced to submerged banks and coral atolls. Midway Atoll, for example, formed as a volcanic island some 28 million years ago. Kure Atoll, a little further to the northwest, is near the Darwin point -defined as waters of a temperature that allows coral reef development to just keep up with isostatic sinking. And extending back in time before Kure, an even older chain of islands spreads northward nearly to the Aleutian Islands; these former islands, all north of the Darwin point, are now completely submerged as the Emperor Seamounts.
The islands are well known for the environmental diversity that occurs on high mountains within a trade winds field. On a single island, the climate can differ around the coast from dry tropical (< 20 in or 500 mm annual rainfall) to wet tropical; and up the slopes from tropical rainforest (> 200 in or 5000 mm per year) through a temperate climate into alpine conditions of cold and dry climate. The rainy climate impacts soil development, which largely determines ground permeability, which affects the distribution of streams, wetlands, and wet places.
The distance and remoteness of the Hawaiian archipelago is a biological filter. Seeds or spores attached to a lost migrating bird's feather or an insect falling out of the high winds found a place to survive in the islands and whatever else was needed to reproduce.
The narrowing of the gene pool meant that at the very beginning, the population of a colonizing species was a bit different from that of the remove, contributing population.
Throughout time, the Hawaiian Islands formed linearly from northwest to the southeast. A study was conducted to determine the approximate ages of the Hawaiian Islands using K–Ar dating of the oldest found igneous rocks from each island. Kauai was determined to be about 5.1 million years old, Oahu about 3.7 million years old and the youngest island of Hawaii about 0.43 million years old.
By determining the maximum age of the islands, inferences could be made about the maximum possible age of organisms inhabiting the island. The newly formed islands were able to accommodate growing populations, while the new environments were causing high rates of new adaptations.
Human contact, first by Polynesians and later by Europeans, has had a significant impact. Both the Polynesians and Europeans cleared native forests and introduced non-indigenous species for agriculture or by accident, driving many endemic species to extinction.
Fossil finds in caves, lava tubes, and sand dunes have revealed an avifauna that once had a native eagle, two raven-size crows, several bird-eating owls, and giant ducks known as moa-nalos. Around 861 species of plants have been introduced to the islands by humans since its discovery by Polynesian settlers, including crops such as taro and breadfruit.
Today, many of the remaining endemic species of plants and animals in the Hawaiian Islands are considered endangered, and some critically so. Plant species are particularly at risk: out of a total of 2,690 plant species, 946 are non-indigenous with 800 of the native species listed as endangered.
People love the ocean. People are always asking me why I don't study the ocean, because, after all, I live in Hawaii. I tell them that it's because the ocean is a lonely, empty place.
Today, The Stones have visited the Naval Station Pearl Harbor, a U.S.
naval base adjacent to Honolulu.
This place enters in History when the Imperial
Japanese Navy Air Service attacked it in December 7, 1941. This meant the USA
formal entry into World War II.
Before visiting Pearl Harbor, The Stones have
continued with their English course reviewing Past Simple with
regular and irregular forms.
The Attack on Pearl Harbor was a surprise military strike by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service upon the United States -a neutral country at the time- against the naval base at Pearl Harbor in Honolulu, Territory ofHawaii, just before 08:00, on Sunday morning, December 7, 1941.
The attack led to the United States' formal entry into World War II the next day. The Japanese military leadership referred to the attack as the HawaiiOperation and Operation AI, and as Operation Z during its planning.
Japan intended the attack as a preventive action to keep the United States Pacific Fleet from interfering with its planned military actions in Southeast Asia against overseas territories of the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and the UnitedStates. Over the course of seven hours there were coordinated Japanese attacks on the U.S.-held Philippines, Guam, and Wake Island and on the British Empire in Malaya, Singapore, and Hong Kong.
The attack commenced at 7:48 a.m. Hawaiian Time (18:18 GMT). The base was attacked by 353 Imperial Japanese aircraft -including fighters, level and dive bombers, and torpedo bombers- in two waves, launched from six aircraft carriers.
Of the eight U.S. Navy battleships present, all were damaged, with four sunk. All but USS Arizona were later raised, and six were returned to service and went on to fight in the war.
The Japanese also sank or damaged three cruisers, three destroyers, an anti-aircraft training ship, and one minelayer. A total of 188 U.S. aircraft were destroyed; 2,403 Americans were killed and 1,178 others were wounded.
Important base installations such as the power station, dry dock, shipyard,maintenance, and fuel and torpedo storage facilities, as well as the submarine piers and headquarters building, also home of the intelligence section, were not attacked.Japaneselosses were light: 29 aircraft and five midget submarines lost, and 64 servicemen killed.
Japan announced a declaration of war on the United States later that day (December 8 in Tokyo), but the declaration was not delivered until the following day. The following day, December 8, Congress declared war on Japan.
On December 11, Germany and Italy each declared war on the U.S., which responded with a declaration of war against Germany and Italy.
There were numerous historical precedents for the unannounced military action by Japan, but the lack of any formal warning, particularly while peace negotiations were still apparently ongoing, led President Franklin D. Roosevelt to proclaim December 7, 1941, a date which will live in infamy.
Because the attack happened without a declaration of war and without explicit warning, the attack on Pearl Harbor was later judged in the Tokyo Trials to be a war crime.
War between Japan and the United States had been a possibility that each nation had been aware of, and planned for, since the 1920s. The relationship between the two countries was cordial enough that they remained trading partners. Tensions did not seriously grow until Japan's invasion of Manchuria in 1931.
Over the next decade, Japan expanded into China, leading to the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937. Japan spent considerable effort trying to isolate China and endeavored to secure enough independent resources to attain victory on the mainland. The Southern Operation was designed to assist these efforts.
The Japanese attack had several major aims.
First, it intended to destroy important American fleet units, thereby preventing the Pacific Fleet from interfering with Japanese conquest of the Dutch East Indies and Malaya and to enable Japan to conquer Southeast Asia without interference.
Second, it was hoped to buy time for Japan to consolidate its position and increase its naval strength before shipbuilding authorized by the 1940 Vinson-Walsh Act erased any chance of victory.
Third, to deliver a blow to America's ability to mobilize its forces in the Pacific, battleships were chosen as the main targets, since they were the prestige ships of any navy at the time.
Finally, it was hoped that the attack would undermine American morale such that the U.S. government would drop its demands contrary to Japanese interests and would seek a compromise peace with Japan.
Yesterday, December 7, 1941 —a date which will live in infamy— the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan.
