Today, The Grandma has been reading some Arthur Conan Doyle's books, and she has enjoyed Sherlock Holmes and his relationwith Scotland Yard,the MetropolitanPolice ofLondon that was founded in 1829.
The Metropolitan Police Service
(MPS), formerly and still commonly known as the Metropolitan Police and
informally as the Met Police, the Met, Scotland Yard, or the Yard, is the territorial police force responsible for law enforcement in the Metropolitan Police District, whichconsists of the 32 London boroughs. The MPD does not include the square mile of the City of London, which is policed by the much smaller City of London Police. The Met
also has significant national responsibilities, such as co-ordinating
and leading on UK-wide national counter-terrorism matters and protecting
the Royal Family, certain members of Her Majesty's Government and
others as deemed appropriate.
As the police force for the capital, the Met
has significant unique responsibilities and challenges within its
police area, such as protecting 164 foreign embassies and High
Commissions, policing London City and Heathrow Airports, policing and
protecting the Palace of Westminster, and dealing with significantly
more protests and events than any other force in the country, with 3,500
such events in 2016.
The
force, by officer numbers, is the largest in the United Kingdom by a
significant margin, and one of the biggest in the world. Leaving its
national responsibilities aside, the Met has the eighth-smallest
police area (primary geographic area of responsibility) of the
territorial police forces in the United Kingdom.
The force is led by the Commissioner,
whose formal title is the Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis. The
Commissioner is answerable, responsible and accountable to The Queen,
the Home Office and the Mayor of London, through the Mayor's Office for
Policing and Crime. The post of Commissioner was first held jointly by
Sir Charles Rowan and Sir Richard Mayne. Dame Cressida Dick was
appointed Commissioner in April 2017.
A number of informal names and abbreviations are applied to the Metropolitan Police Service, the most common being the Met. In colloquial London (or Cockney) slang, it is sometimes referred to as the Old Bill.
The
Met is also referred to as Scotland Yard after the location of its
original headquarters in a road called Great Scotland Yard in Whitehall.
The Met's current headquarters is New Scotland Yard, situated on the Victoria Embankment.
The
Metropolitan Police Service was founded in 1829 by Robert Peel under
the Metropolitan Police Act 1829 and on 29 September of that year, thefirst constables of the service appeared on the streets of London.
Ten years later, Metropolitan Police Act 1839 consolidated policing within London
by expanding the Metropolitan Police District and either abolishing or
amalgamating the various other law enforcement entities within London into the Metropolitan Police such as the Thames River Police, which had been formed in 1800, and the end of the Bow Street Runners and Horse Patrol.
Since January 2012, the Mayor of London is responsible for the governance of the Metropolitan Police through the Mayor's Office for Policing and Crime (MOPAC).
Today, The Fosters and TheGrandma have continue celebrating Saint George's week,and have talked about William Shakespeare, the greatest writer in the English language, and probably, the most universal one, who died on Saint George's Day, four centuries and eight years ago.
William Shakespeare(bapt. 26 April 1564–23 April 1616)was an English playwright,poet and actor. He is widely regarded asthe greatest writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist. He is often calledEngland's national poet and theBard of Avon (or simplythe Bard).
His extant works, including collaborations, consist of some 39 plays, 154sonnets, three long narrative poems, and a few other verses, some of uncertain authorship. His plays have been translated into every major living language and are performed more often than those of any other playwright.
Shakespeare remains arguably the most influential writer in the English language, and his works continue to be studied and reinterpreted.
Shakespeare was born and raised in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire. At the age of 18, he married Anne Hathaway, with whom he had three children: Susanna, and twins Hamnet and Judith. Sometime between 1585 and 1592, he began a successful career in London as an actor, writer, and part-owner of a playing company called the Lord Chamberlain's Men, later known as the King's Men.
At age 49 (around 1613), he appears to have retired to Stratford, where he died three years later. Few records of Shakespeare's private life survive; this has stimulated considerable speculation about such matters as his physical appearance, his sexuality, his religious beliefs and whether the works attributed to him were written by others.
Shakespeare produced most of his known works between 1589 and 1613. His early plays were primarily comedies and histories and are regarded as some of the best works produced in these genres. He then wrote mainly tragedies until 1608, among them Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth, all considered to be among the finest works in the English language. In the last phase of his life, he wrote tragicomedies (also known as romances) and collaborated with other playwrights.
Many of Shakespeare's plays were published in editions of varying quality and accuracy in his lifetime. However, in 1623, John Heminges and Henry Condell, two fellow actors and friends of Shakespeare's, published a more definitive text known as the First Folio, a posthumous collected edition of Shakespeare's dramatic works that included 36 of his plays. Its Preface was a prescient poem by Ben Jonson, a former rival of Shakespeare, that hailed Shakespeare with the now famous epithet: not of an age, but for all time.
Shakespeare was the son of John Shakespeare, an alderman and a successful glover (glove-maker) originally from Snitterfield in Warwickshire, and Mary Arden, the daughter of an affluent landowning family. He was born in Stratford-upon-Avon, where he was baptised on 26 April 1564. His date of birth is unknown, but is traditionally observed on 23 April, Saint George's Day. This date, which can be traced to William Oldys and George Steevens, has proved appealing to biographers because Shakespeare died on the same date in 1616. He was the third of eight children, and the eldest surviving son.
Shakespeare died on 23 April 1616, at the age of 52. He died within a month of signing his will, a document which he begins by describing himself as being in perfect health. No extant contemporary source explains how or why he died.
Today, The Grandma has received wonderfulnews from The Weasleys,and she has alsoremembered TheGrangers. They have beentwounforgettable and wonderful families thatthey are going tolive in her memory forever.
Congratulations Weasleys!
CongratulationsGrangers!
You are our Little Hercules.
Hercules is the Roman equivalent of the Greek divine hero Heracles, son of Jupiter and the mortal Alcmena. In classical mythology, Hercules is famous for his strength and for his numerous far-ranging adventures. The Romans adapted the Greek hero's iconography and myths for their literature and art under the name Hercules. In later Western art and literature and in popular culture, Hercules is more commonly used than Heracles as the name of the hero.
So you cannot lift a spirit that has turned to lead Or shine a light in shadow when the batteries are dead Or fly like a bird over all the works of man Or always think of the perfect words but you do the best you can
Nothing seems as easy as it did when you were young Myths may be invincible, but we are only strong Strong like a memory, strong like a willow in the wind Strong as you'll ever be, you will always need to bend
And if you feel the weight of the world Put your mind at ease little Hercules
There are times when being a grown-up gets to be too much And your sense of humor seems to vanish in the crush Of the daily nine to nine that keeps your family alive You're just putting in your time does anyone really go home at five? You've made a life where no one ever tells you what to do Now the only tyrant that you're working for is you It's never easy to keep all the promises you make But no one's gonna get you fired if you'd just give yourself a brake
And if you feel the weight of the world Put your mind at ease little Hercules 'Cause there's so much on your shoulders But you know it's a breeze little Hercules
So you cannot lift a spirit that has turned to lead Or shine a light in shadow when the batteries are dead
And if you feel the weight of the world Put your mind at ease little Hercules 'Cause there's so much on your shoulders But you know it's a breeze little Hercules And when you feel the weight of the world Put your mind at ease little Hercules, little Hercules
Little Hercules Little Hercules Little Hercules
Enthusiasm is the mother of effort, and without it nothing great was ever achieved.
Today, The Weasleys & The Grandma are in Barcelona. After some weeksenjoying London and Hogwarts, the D-Day has arrived and TheWeasleys have an interesting adventure to live: a B1CambridgeEnglishExam.
But today is also Remembrance Day, and an interesting day to visit some places like Park Güell, Colònia Güell, or Casa Batlló in Barcelona or the CathedralofPalma in Mallorca and enjoy the power of the light.
Good luck family! You are the best!
You have already won this game.
Cambridge Assessment English or Cambridge English develops and produces Cambridge English Qualifications and the International English Language Testing System (IELTS).
The organisation contributed to the development of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages
(CEFR), the standard used around the world to benchmark language
skills, and its qualifications and tests are aligned with CEFR levels.
Cambridge Assessment English is part of Cambridge Assessment,
a non-teaching department of the University of Cambridge which merged
with Cambridge University Press to form Cambridge University Press &
Assessment in August 2021.
Each Cambridge English Qualifications focuses on a level of the Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR).
English
qualifications designed for adult learners. A2 Key, B1 Preliminary and
B2 First have the same exam format as the schools versions of these
qualifications, but use different topics and content suited to adult
learners.
In the 1980s Cambridge Assessment English, the British Council and IDP Education formed the international IELTS partnership which delivers the IELTS tests.
In 2010 Cambridge Assessment English
and the English Language Institute Testing and Certificate Division of
the University of Michigan agreed to form a not-for-profit collaboration
known as CaMLA (Cambridge Michigan Language Assessments). Cambridge Assessment English owns 65% of the venture.
Since 2011 Cambridge Exams Publishing, a partnership between CambridgeAssessment English
and the English Language Teaching (ELT) business of Cambridge
University Press, develops official Cambridge preparation materials for Cambridge English and IELTS exams.
In 2013 Cambridge Assessment English formed a joint venture with the Box Hill Institute to deliver the Occupational English Test, known as OET.
In 2019 Cambridge Assessment English
acquired English Language iTutoring (ELiT), an artificial intelligence
developed off technology from the University of Cambridge, to support
new English language assessment products.
Cambridge Assessment English was involved in the early development of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) and all Cambridge English qualifications and tests are aligned with the levels described by the CEFR.
Each
Cambridge English Qualification targets specific CEFR levels but the
exam also contains test material at the adjacent levels. For example B2
First is aimed at B2, but there are also test items that cover B1 and
C1. This allows for inferences to be drawn about candidates’ abilities
if they are a level below or above the one targeted. Candidates are
encouraged to take the exam most suitable to their needs and level of
ability.
The
main influence behind the design of the exam was the
grammar-translation teaching approach, which aims to establish reading
knowledge, rather than ability to communicate in the language.
In
1913, the first requirement for CPE candidates was to translate texts.
Translation remained prominent in foreign language teaching up until the
1960s. It was a core part of CPE until 1975 and an optional part until
1989.
However, CPE was also influenced by Henry Sweet and his book published in 1900: A Practical Study of Languages: A Guide for Teachers and Learners, which argued that the most natural method of teaching languages was through conversation. Due to this influence, speaking was part of Cambridge English exams from the very beginning.
-1209. University of Cambridge founded.
-1534. Cambridge University Press founded.
-1858. University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES) founded.
-1913. Certificate of Proficiency in English (CPE) introduced. Now known as C2 Proficiency.
-1939.
Lower Certificate in English (LCE) introduced. Renamed First
Certificate in English (FCE) in 1975 and now known as B2 First.
-1941. Joint agreement with the British Council-British Council centres established.
-1943-1947. Preliminary English Test (PET) introduced. It was reintroduced in 1980 and is now known as B1 Preliminary.
-1971. Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) initiated.
-1988. The Royal Society of Arts (RSA) Examination Board becomes part of UCLES.
-1989. Specialist EFL research and evaluation unit established.
-1989. IELTS launched. A simplified and shortened version of ELTS launched in 1980.
-1990. Association of Language Testers in Europe (ALTE) founded.
-1991. Certificate in Advanced English (CAE) introduced. Now known as C1 Advanced.
-1993. Business English Certificates (BEC) launched.
-1994. Key English Test (KET) introduced. Now known as A2 Key.
-1995. University of Oxford Delegacy of Local Examinations (UODLE) becomes part of UCLES
-1997. Young Learner English Tests (YLE) introduced. Now known as Pre-A1 Starter, A1 Movers, and A2 Flyers.
-1997. BULATS launched.
-2001. CEFR published.
-2002. UCLES EFL renamed University of Cambridge ESOL Examinations (Cambridge ESOL).
-2002. One million Cambridge ESOL exam candidates.
-2010. CaMLA established (Cambridge Michigan Language Assessments).
-2011. Cambridge Exams Publishing joint venture with Cambridge University Press established.
-2013. Cambridge ESOL renamed Cambridge English Language Assessment.
-2015. Cambridge English Scale introduced.
-2016. Linguaskill reading and listening introduced.
-2016. Linguaskill writing introduced.
-2017. Cambridge English Language Assessment renamed Cambridge Assessment English.
-2020.
The University of Cambridge announces it plans to merge two of its
non-teaching departments, Cambridge Assessment and Cambridge University
Press.
-2021. Cambridge Assessment and Cambridge University Press merge to become Cambridge University Press & Assessment.
Cambridge is heaven, I am convinced it is the nicest place in the world to live. As you walk round, most people look incredibly bright, as if they are probably off to win a Nobel prize.
A rubber duck or a rubber duckie is atoy shaped like a duck, that is usually yellow with a flat base. It may be made of rubber or rubber-like material such as vinyl plastic. Rubber ducks were invented in the late 1800s when it became possible to more easily shape rubber,and are believed to improve developmental skills in children during water play.
The yellow rubber duck has achieved an iconic status in Western pop culture and is often symbolically linked to bathing. Various novelty variations of the toy are produced, and many organisations use yellow rubber ducks in rubber duck races for fundraising worldwide.
The history of the rubber duck is linked to the emergence of rubber manufacturing in the late 19th century.
The earliest rubber ducks were made from harder rubber when manufacturers began using Charles Goodyear's invention, vulcanized rubber.Consequently, these solid rubber ducks were not capable of floating and were instead intended as chew toys.
Sculptor Peter Ganine created a sculpture of a duck in the 1940s. He then patented it and reproduced it as a floating toy, of which over 50 million were sold.
Besides the ubiquitous yellow rubber duck with which most people are familiar, there have been numerous novelty variations on the basic theme, including character ducks representing professions, politicians, or celebrities, a concept introduced by Mark Boldt's Rubba Ducks. There are also ducks that glow in the dark, quack, change color, have interior LED illumination, or include a wind-up mechanism that enables them to swim.
In 2001, The Sun, a British tabloid reported that Queen Elizabeth II had a rubber duck in her bathroom that wore an inflatable crown. The duck was spotted by a workman who was repainting her bathroom. The story prompted sales of rubber ducks in the United Kingdom to increase by 80% for a short period.
Rubber ducks are collected by enthusiasts. The 2011 Guinness World Record for World's Largest Rubber Duck Collection stood at 5,631 different rubber ducks, and was awarded to Charlotte Lee.
In 2013, the rubber duck was inducted into the Toy Hall of Fame, a museum in Rochester, New York, along with the game of chess. Toys are selected based on factors like icon-status, longevity, and innovation.
Ernie, a popular Muppet from the television series Sesame Street, has performed the song Rubber Duckie multiple times since the series began. Ernie frequently spoke to his duck and carried it with him in other segments of the show. On a special occasion, Little Richard performed the song.
C. W. McCall's hit song Convoy (and the movie and novel it inspired) are narrated from the viewpoint of a character who replaced the bulldog hood ornament on his Mack truck with a bathtub toy and used the on-air handle of Rubber Duck.
The Akron Rubber Ducks, formerly known as the Aeros, officially adopted the nickname on October 29, 2013. The nickname pays tribute to the city's history in the rubber industry, particularly as the birthplace of companies such as Goodyear, Firestone, B.F. Goodrich, and General Tire.
Rubber ducks have also become a protest symbol simultaneously in Belgrade, Brazil, and Moscow in 2017, and in Bangkok in 2020.
In August 2008, NASA'S Jet Propulsion Laboratory undertook studies of Greenland's Jakobshavn Glacier to determine how interior glacial meltflow during the summer influenced its movement. A sophisticated football-sized probe that had a GPS device, pressure sensor, thermometer and accelerometer was lowered by rope into one of the glacier's moulins. The probe's equipment was designed to find structures such as waterfalls inside the ice.
Unfortunately the probe went silent, so ninety rubber ducks marked in English, Danish, and Inuit with the text science experiment and reward, along with an email address to contact if found, were also put into the moulins and it was hoped that the ducks would eventually exit and be found by hunters or fishermen around Baffin Bay. As of 2012, none of the ducks were found or returned, possibly due to being trapped in large aquifers later discovered inside the ice.
A 2019 article in the scientific journal Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology details how rubber ducks were used to expand knowledge on how potable water interacts with flexible plastic materials in relation to microbial and nutrient contamination. Particularly how these microbes could affect potentially vulnerable end users. The bathroom, despite being the place for the family to bathe and become clean, is surprisingly good at creating the perfect conditions for microbial growth and so the researchers wished to see if these soft plastic toys could potentially pose a risk. They determined that, although some bacteria and microbes can be absorbed into the toys, only under specific laboratory conditions did they become dangerous to human beings and so are largely safe.
A kitten is a juvenile cat.After being born, kittens display primary altriciality and are fully dependent on their mothers for survival. They normally do not open their eyes for seven to ten days. After about two weeks, kittens develop quickly and begin to explore the world outside their nest. After a further three to four weeks, they begin to eat solid food and grow baby teeth. Domestic kittens are highly social animals and usually enjoy human companionship.
The word kitten derives from the Middle English word kitoun, which in turn came from the Old French chitoun or cheton. Juvenile big cats are called cubs rather than kittens; either term (but usually more commonly kitten) may be used for the young of smaller wild felids, such as ocelots, caracals, and lynxes.
A feline litter usually consists of two to five kittens, but litters with one to more than ten are known.
Kittens are typically born after a gestation lasting between 64 and 67 days, with an average length of 66 days. When they are born, kittens emerge in a sac called the amnion, which is bitten off and eaten by the mother cat.
Felines are carnivores and have adapted to animal-based diets and low carbohydrate inclusion. Kittens are categorized in a growth life stage, and have high energy and protein requirements. When feeding a kitten, it is often recommended to use highly digestible ingredients and various components to aid in development in order to produce a healthy adult.
Kittens require a high-calorie diet that contains more protein than the diet of adult cats. Young orphaned kittens require cat milk every two to four hours, and they need physical stimulation to defecate and urinate.
Cat milk replacement is manufactured to feed to young kittens, because cow's milk does not provide all the necessary nutrients. Human-reared kittens tend to be very affectionate with humans as adults and sometimes more dependent on them than kittens reared by their mothers, but they can also show volatile mood swings and aggression. Depending on the age at which they were orphaned and how long they were without their mothers, these kittens may be severely underweight and can have health problems later in life, such as heart conditions. The compromised immune system of orphaned kittens (from lack of antibodies found naturally in the mother's milk) can make them especially susceptible to infections, making antibiotics a necessity.
Exploding Kittens is a kitty-powered version of Russian Roulette. Players take turns drawing cards until someone draws an exploding kitten and loses the game. The deck is made up of cards that let you avoid exploding by peeking at cards before you draw, forcing your opponent to draw multiple cards, or shuffling the deck.
The game gets more and more intense with each card you draw because fewer cards left in the deck means a greater chance of drawing the kitten and exploding in a fiery ball of feline hyperbole.
Sherlock Holmes is a fictional detective created by British author Arthur Conan Doyle. Referring to himself as a consulting detective in the stories, Holmes is known for his proficiency with observation, deduction, forensic science and logical reasoning that borders on the fantastic, which he employs when investigating cases for a wide variety of clients, including Scotland Yard.
The character Sherlock Holmes first appeared in print in 1887's A Study in Scarlet. His popularity became widespread with the first series of short stories in The Strand Magazine, beginning with A Scandal in Bohemia in 1891; additional tales appeared from then until 1927, eventually totalling four novels and 56 short stories. All but one are set in the Victorian or Edwardian eras, between about 1880 and 1914. Most are narrated by the character of Holmes's friend and biographer Dr. John H. Watson, who usually accompanies Holmes during his investigations and often shares quarters with him at the address of 221B Baker Street, London,where many of the stories begin.
Though not the first fictional detective, Sherlock Holmes is arguably the best known. By the 1990s, there were already over 25,000 stage adaptations, films, television productions and publications featuring the detective, and Guinness World Records lists him as the most portrayed human literary character in film and television history.
Holmes's popularity and fame are such that many have believed him to be not a fictional character but a real individual; numerous literary and fan societies have been founded on this pretence. Avid readers of the Holmes stories helped create the modern practice of fandom. The character and stories have had a profound and lasting effect on mystery writing and popular culture as a whole, with the original tales as well as thousands written by authors other than Conan Doyle being adapted into stage and radio plays, television, films, video games, and other media for over one hundred years.
The tactical unit has intervened in a hostage robbery, but the robbers have disappeared, what happened?, why? Follow the clues with your team of investigators to answer these questions and other questions. Will you find the stolen jewels?
In each Q case, you try to solve a mystery case with 32 clues, with players revealing one clue at a time until all cards have been revealed or discarded. During your turn, each player must perform one of the following actions:
-Choose a card from your hand and place it on the table, so all players can read or see the entire information.
-We recomend you read out loud all shared info when you place it on the table. If you play a clue that happens to be irrelevant to the case, you lose points at the end of the game, but be careful! Some clues are vital to resolve the case.
-You can share and expose your theories at any moment and talk about the cards you have in your hand but you cannot show them to the other players and you may only read out loud the words written in bold or the text framed inside an image.
At the end of the game, when all clue cards have been revealed or discarded, you must check carefully all the available information and prepare a theory of what happened, working all together. Then, open the questionnaire and answer all questions. During this phase of the game, you can speak freely about your discarded cards, or the information you remember of them. Each right answer will add two points.
An apple is a round, edible fruit produced by an apple tree (Malus domestica). Apple trees are cultivated worldwide and are the most widely grown species in the genus Malus. The tree originated in Central Asia, where its wild ancestor, Malus sieversii, is still found. Apples have been grown for thousands of years in Asia and Europe and were introduced to North America by European colonists. Apples have religious and mythological significance in many cultures, including Norse, Greek, and European Christian tradition.
Apples grown from seed tend to be very different from those of their parents, and the resultant fruit frequently lacks desired characteristics. For commercial purposes, including botanical evaluation, apple cultivars are propagated by clonal grafting onto rootstocks.
Apple trees grown without rootstocks tend to be larger and much slower to fruit after planting. Rootstocks are used to control the speed of growth and the size of the resulting tree, allowing for easier harvesting.
There are more than 7,500 cultivars of apples. Different cultivars are bred for various tastes and uses, including cooking, eating raw, and cider or apple juice production. Trees and fruit are prone to fungal, bacterial, and pest problems, which can be controlled by a number of organic and non-organic means.
In 2010, the fruit's genome was sequenced as part of research on disease control and selective breeding in apple production.
The word apple, whose Old English ancestor is æppel, is descended from the Proto-Germanic noun *aplaz, descended in turn from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ébōl.
As late as the 17th century, the word also functioned as a generic term for all fruit including nuts -such as the 14th-century Middle English expression appel of paradis, meaning a banana.
Apples are diploid (though triploid cultivars are not uncommon), have 17 chromosomes and an estimated genome size of approximately 650 Mb. Several whole genome sequences have been completed and made available. The first one in 2010 was based on the diploid cultivar 'Golden Delicious'. However, this first whole genome sequence turned out to contain several errors in part owing to the high degree of heterozygosity in diploid apples which, in combination with an ancient genome duplication, complicated the assembly. Recently, double- and trihaploid individuals have been sequenced, yielding whole genome sequences of higher quality.
The first whole genome assembly was estimated to contain around 57,000 genes, though the more recent genome sequences support estimates between 42,000 and 44,700 protein-coding genes. The availability of whole genome sequences has provided evidence that the wild ancestor of the cultivated apple most likely is Malus sieversii. Re-sequencing of multiple accessions has supported this, while also suggesting extensive introgression from Malus sylvestris following domestication.
Malus sieversii is recognized as a major progenitor species to the cultivated apple, and is morphologically similar. Due to the genetic variability in Central Asia, this region is generally considered the center of origin for apples.
The apple is thought to have been domesticated 4000-10000 years ago in the Tian Shan mountains, and then to have travelled along the Silk Road to Europe, with hybridization and introgression of wild crabapples from Siberia (M. baccata), the Caucasus (M. orientalis), and Europe (M. sylvestris). Only the M. sieversii trees growing on the western side of the Tian Shan mountains contributed genetically to the domesticated apple, not the isolated population on the eastern side.
The University of Cambridge, legal name The Chancellor, Masters, and Scholars of the University of Cambridge, is a collegiate research universityinCambridge, England.
Founded in 1209 and granted a royal charterby King Henry III in 1231, Cambridge is thesecond-oldest university in the English-speaking world and the world's fourth-oldestsurviving university.
The
university grew out of an association of scholars who left the
University of Oxford after a dispute with the townspeople. The two
English ancient universities share many common features and are often
referred to jointly as Oxbridge.
Cambridge
is formed from a variety of institutions which include 31
semi-autonomous constituent colleges and over 150 academic departments, faculties and other institutions organised into six schools.
All
the colleges are self-governing institutions within the university,
each controlling its own membership and with its own internal structure
and activities.
All students are members of a college. Cambridge
does not have a main campus, and its colleges and central facilities
are scattered throughout the city. Undergraduate teaching at Cambridge
is organised around weekly small-group supervisions in the colleges –a
feature unique to the Oxbridge system. These are supported by classes,
lectures, seminars, laboratory work and occasionally further
supervisions provided by the central university faculties and
departments. Postgraduate teaching is provided predominantly centrally.
Cambridge University Press,
a department of the university, is the oldest university press in the
world and currently the second largest university press in the world.
Cambridge Assessment,
also a department of the university, is one of the world's leading
examining bodies and provides assessment to over eight million learners
globally every year.
The
university also operates eight cultural and scientific museums,
including the Fitzwilliam Museum, as well as a botanic garden.
Cambridge's libraries, of which there are 116, hold a total of around 16
million books, around nine million of which are in Cambridge University Library, a legal deposit library.
The
university is home to, but independent of, the Cambridge Union -the
world's oldest debating society. The university is closely linked to the
development of the high-tech business cluster known as Silicon Fen. It is the central member of Cambridge University Health Partners, an academic health science centre based around the Cambridge Biomedical Campus.
Cambridge
has educated many notable alumni, including eminent mathematicians,
scientists, politicians, lawyers, philosophers, writers, actors,
monarchs and other heads of state.
As
of October 2020, 121 Nobel laureates, 11 Fields Medalists, 7 Turing
Award winners and 14 British prime ministers have been affiliated with
Cambridge as students, alumni, faculty or research staff. University
alumni have won 194 Olympic medals.
By the late 12th century, the Cambridge
area already had a scholarly and ecclesiastical reputation, due to
monks from the nearby bishopric church of Ely. However, it was an
incident at Oxford which is most likely to have led to the establishment
of the university: three Oxford scholars were hanged by the town
authorities for the death of a woman, without consulting the
ecclesiastical authorities, who would normally take precedence and
pardon the scholars in such a case, but were at that time in conflict
with King John.
Fearing
more violence from the townsfolk, scholars from the University of
Oxford started to move away to cities such as Paris, Reading, and Cambridge.Subsequently, enough scholars remained in Cambridge to form the nucleus of a new university when it had become safe enough for academia to resume at Oxford.
In order to claim precedence, it is common for Cambridge to trace its founding to the 1231 charter from King Henry III granting it the right to discipline its own members (ius non-trahi extra) and an exemption from some taxes; Oxford was not granted similar rights until 1248.
A bull in 1233 from Pope Gregory IX gave graduates from Cambridge the right to teach everywhere in Christendom. After Cambridge
was described as a studium generale in a letter from Pope Nicholas IV
in 1290, and confirmed as such in a bull by Pope John XXII in 1318, it
became common for researchers from other European medieval universities
to visit Cambridge to study or to give lecture courses.
Unlike other invisibility cloaks known to exist, it is able to completely shield the wearer and others from sight and cannot be worn out by time or spells; other cloaks will lose their ability to conceal the wearer over time or become worn out, but the Hallow cloak will never fade or become damaged.
At the end of Deathly Hallows, Dumbledore explains to Harry the cloak's true magic is it can shield and protect others as well as its owner. This is apparent when it does not respond to a Death Eater's Summoning Charm while concealing Harry, Ron and Hermione in Deathly Hallows. Hermione claims that this is the Hallow she would choose, citing the usefulness Harry has found of it.
It was the Hallow belonging to Ignotus Peverell, who did not trust Death and took the cloak to hide from him, only giving it up when he was old and ready for death. After his death, the cloak was passed down from father to son through Peverell's descendants, through his granddaughter, Iolanthe Peverell of Godric's Hollow, who married Hardwin Potter of the Gloucestershire Potters, all the way directly down to James Potter.
The cloak was not in James' possession the night he was murdered; he had previously lent it to Dumbledore, who was greatly interested in the DeathlyHallows and suspected that the Potter family heirloom was more than it appeared. Dumbledore returned the cloak to Harry a decade later as a Christmas present during his first year at Hogwarts. Harry uses the cloak throughout the series in order to sneak around the school on various adventures. Harry's father also used the cloak for similar purposes. It is large enough to accommodate Harry, Ron, and Hermione as a group during their first year, but the three have increasing difficulty fitting under it as they grow taller in later years.
While making the wearer invisible to Muggles and wizards, some creatures are able to sense people hidden under it. Snakes, for example, cannot see through the Cloak of Invisibility, but they can somehow detect people under it. Mrs. Norris, Filch's cat, also seems to sense Harry when he wears the cloak. Wearers can also be detected by the Human-presence-revealing Spell.
In Goblet of Fire, Moody's magical eye can see Harry under the cloak. In Prisoner of Azkaban, Dumbledore warns that the Dementors' perception of humans is unhindered by invisibility cloaks, as they are blind and sense people through emotions.
In the play Harry Potter and the Cursed Child, Harry gives the Cloak of Invisibility to his eldest son James Potter, noting he'd been going on about the Invisibility Cloak since time itself. However, James' younger brother Albus steals the Cloak and uses it to evade bullies at Hogwarts.
Today, The Weasleys & The Grandma have been reading about the ResurrectionStone, thestone that allows the holder to bring back deceased loved ones,in a semi-physical form, and communicate with them.
Before this, they have been practising listening and some vocabulary to prepare their B1 Cambridge Exam.
The form of Sirius Black generated by the stone tells Harry that he and the other forms created by the stone are part of him and invisible to others.
This seems to suggest that these apparitions are conjured from memories and are not really resurrected people. According to the fairy tale concerning the origin of the Deathly Hallows, using the Resurrection Stone drove the owner to kill himself because he brought his late fiancée back from the dead, and she was very unhappy in the real world because she did not belong there. By the time the stone was seen in Marvolo Gaunt's possession, it had been set into a ring that bore the symbol of the DeathlyHallows, which the ignorant Gaunt believed to be the Peverell coat of arms; he used the ring to boast about his ancestry and blood purity.
Both Dumbledore and Grindelwald desired the stone, but for different reasons. While Dumbledore wanted it to communicate with his dead family, Grindelwald allegedly intended to use it to create an army of zombie-like Inferi. Harry said this is the Hallow he would desire most, as like Dumbledore he could name people he would like to communicate with again. Voldemort became aware of the ring's antiquity and eventually used it as a Horcrux, a container for part of his soul, being unaware of the stone's additional magical properties.
Dumbledore recovered the ring from Marvolo's estate, recognizing it as both a Horcrux and one of the Deathly Hallows. Forgetting that as a Horcrux, it was likely to be protected by curses laid by Voldemort, and blinded by personal desire, Dumbledore attempted to use the Resurrection Stone to talk to his deceased family. The curse destroyed his hand and began to spread throughout his body.
Though the spread was partly contained in the destroyed and blackened hand by Snape, Dumbledore was doomed, having, at most, a year left to live. In their Kings Cross encounter, Dumbledore told Harry that this proved he had learned nothing from his past mistakes and ambitions for using the Hallows, and was part of the reason for his fear that Harry might also become obsessed with their power if told of them.
The stone was later passed to Harry through Dumbledore's will, hidden inside the Golden Snitch Harry caught with his mouth, nearly swallowing it, in his first-ever Quidditch match. The Snitch revealed the message I open at the close when touched by Harry's lips. Harry is unable to open the Snitch until he is about to die in the Forest, and realises then the close means the end, or his death.
Harry uses the Stone to summon his deceased loved ones -his parents, his godfather Sirius Black, and Remus Lupin- to comfort him and strengthen his courage, before he goes to meet his death at Voldemort's hand. The stone falls unseen from Harry's numb fingers in the Forbidden Forest as he reaches Voldemort's encampment. Harry survives the encounter and he and Dumbledore's portrait later agreed that Harry will neither search for it nor tell others where it is.
Today, The Weasleys & The Grandma have been reading about some magical objects that you canfind inHogwarts, the prank ones. Before this, they have practised ThePassive in English and some vocabulary.
Prank objects from Weasleys' Wizard Wheezes are made and designed by the owners of the shop, Fred and George, who test their new creations on themselves and other Hogwarts students.
-Weasley's Wild-fire Whiz-Bangs are enchanted fireworks that have overly spectacular and remarkable effects. In the books, they are engineered to not generate any amounts of heat, light, or noise that could be harmful. In the film of Order of the Phoenix, however, the fireworks create a large fiery dragon that attacks Umbridge, burning her and leaving her covered in soot.
-Skiving Snackboxes are sweets that are designed to make the eater temporarily ill in order to skip or skive off class. Each variety of Snackboxes causes a different effect, such as vomiting, fainting or developing nosebleeds. One end of the sweet causes the malady, while the other end subsequently cures it. The snackboxes include: Nosebleed Nougat, Fever Fudge, Fainting Fancies, Blood Blisterpods and Puking Pastilles.
-Patented Daydream Charms are kits that put the user into a realistic 30-minute daydream which they imagine, and can easily be customised so as to be fitted into any lesson.
-A Headless Hat creates a limited field of invisibility that covers the wearer's head, giving them the appearance of not having a head. Its counterpart is a Shield Hat, which deflects minor hexes and curses. Though Fred and George design the Shield Hat to be a trick item, Ministry officials are impressed by its practical value and order 500 of them for the protection of the Aurors. Shield Cloaks and Shield Gloves are also on sale following the Shield Hat's success.
-Trick Wands are magical fake wands that turn into a silly item (rubber chickens, tin parrots, etc.) when someone tries to use them. More expensive varieties beat the unwary user about the head and neck.
-Ton-Tongue Toffees make the eater's tongue temporarily grow to an alarmingly large size, as read about in Goblet of Fire when Fred accidentally drops some in front of Dudley, who subsequently eats one they forgot to retrieve.
-Canary Creams make the eater turn briefly into a large canary; when the effect wears off, the person moults and returns to normal.
-U-No-Poo causes the consumer to have constipation, or as Fred and George refer to it: The constipation sensation that's gripping the nation. Its name is a play on You-Know-Who, commonly used to refer to Voldemort.
-Extendable Ears are long flesh-coloured strings, one end of which is inserted into a user's ear and the other end placed further away towards a conversation or sound. Much like a listening device, the user will be able to hear the sounds as if they were much closer to the source. They were first introduced by Fred and George Weasley in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, when they used the ears to listen to the Order's meetings, until one was destroyed (and eaten) by Crookshanks.
-Portable Swamps are, as the name suggests, realistic pop-up swamps. They were first seen in Order of the Phoenix after Umbridge is named Headmistress. Fred and George set one off in a corridor, partly as a distraction for Umbridge so Harry can use her fireplace, and partly to just cause general mayhem. They seem to be reasonably difficult to remove: Umbridge cannot remove it and forces Filch to punt students across, while Professor Flitwick vanishes it almost instantly later on in the novel. He leaves a small patch untouched as a tribute to Fred and George, who have left Hogwarts by this point.
-Decoy Detonators are described as black horn type objects that will run out of sight, and make a noise giving the user a good distraction. Introduced in Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince. First used by Harry while breaking into Dolores Umbridge's office at the Ministry of Magic in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows.
-Guaranteed Ten-Second Pimple Vanisher
-Pygmy Puffs (miniature Puffskeins)
-Edible Dark Marks
There are also prank items which the Weasleys import from elsewhere, such as:
-Peruvian Instant Darkness Powder, which throws an area into darkness that cannot be penetrated by wand light or any magical means, although the effect wears off in a few minutes. Draco Malfoy uses it to avoid members of Dumbledore's Army in Half-Blood Prince. It is also used in the Half-Blood Prince film by Harry in order to gain access to the luggage space above Draco Malfoy's table on the Hogwarts Express.
Zonko's Joke Shop was a favourite place for Hogwarts students to shop on Hogsmeade trips. It carried jokes and tricks to fulfil even Fred and George's wildest dreams. Such products include Hiccough Sweets, Frog Spawn Soap, and Nose-Biting Teacups. Fred and George tried to buy the place to expand their shop in Hogsmeade during Harry's sixth year, but they turned it down due to the dark times coming up.
Other prank objects
Other prank objects include Belch Powder, Dungbombs (which explode and cause a large and extremely smelly mess), and Ever-Bashing Boomerangs (which hit their target repeatedly after being thrown). Fanged Frisbees are quite literally normal Frisbees with fangs and are first mentioned in Goblet of Fire as one of Filch's newest restricted items during Dumbledore's start-of-term speech. However, they make their first appearance in Half-Blood Prince when Ron whirled one around the Gryffindor common room, it changed course with a mind of its own, and took a bite out of a tapestry. Most of these objects are banned at Hogwarts due to the possibility of injury.
More objects include Screaming Yo-Yos, which scream very loudly when worked, and Stink Pellets, which are used to distract prefects and teachers, and give a most unpleasant smell.
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