Today, The Grandma has been reading about Tom Hulce,the American actor well-known by his role of WolfgangAmadeus Mozart in Miloš Forman's film Amadeus, whowas born on a day like today in 1953.
Thomas Edward Hulce (born December 6, 1953) is anAmerican actor and theater producer.
He is best known for his portrayal of WolfgangAmadeus Mozart in the Academy Award-winning film Amadeus (1984), as well as the roles of Larry "Pinto" Kroger in Animal House (1978), Larry Buckman in Parenthood (1989), and Quasimodo in Disney's animated film TheHunchback of Notre Dame (1996).
Awards include an Emmy Award for The Heidi Chronicles, a Tony Award for Spring Awakening, an Oscar Award nomination for Best Actor for Amadeus, and four Golden Globe nominations. He retired from acting in the mid-1990s to focus on stage directing and producing.
In 2007, he won the Tony Award for Best Musical as a lead producer of Spring Awakening.
Thomas Edward Hulce was born on December 6, 1953 in Detroit, Michigan.
The youngest of four children, he was raised in Plymouth, Michigan. His mother, the former Joanna Winkleman, sang briefly with Phil Spitalny's All-Girl Orchestra, and his father, Raymond Albert Hulce, worked for the Ford Motor Company.
As a child, he wanted to be a singer, but he switched to acting after his voice changed in his teenage years. He left home at the age of 15 and attended Interlochen Arts Academy and the North Carolina School of the Arts, leaving a year before finishing his BFA. He graduated with a BA from Beloit College in Wisconsin.
Hulce debuted as an actor in 1975, playing opposite Anthony Hopkins in Equus on Broadway. Throughout the rest of the 1970s and the early 1980s, he worked primarily as a theater actor, taking occasional parts in movies.
His first film role was in the James Dean-influenced film September 30, 1955 in 1977. His next movie role was as freshman student Lawrence "Pinto" Kroger in the classic comedy Animal House (1978).
In 1983, he played a gunshot victim in the television show St. Elsewhere.
In the early 1980s, Hulce was chosen over intense competition (including David Bowie, Mikhail Baryshnikov, Mark Hamill, and Kenneth Branagh) to play the role of Mozart in director Miloš Forman's film version of Peter Shaffer's play Amadeus.
In 1985, he was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actor for his performance, losing to his co-star, F. Murray Abraham. In his acceptance speech, Abraham paid tribute to his co-star, saying, There's only one thing missing for me tonight, and that is to have Tom Hulce standing by my side.
In 1989, he received his second Best Actor Golden Globe Award nomination for a critically acclaimed performance as an intellectually-challenged garbage-collector in the 1988 movie Dominick and Eugene. He played supporting roles in Parenthood (1989), Fearless (1993) and Mary Shelley's Frankenstein (1994).
In 1988, he played the title part in the British–Dutch movie Shadow Man, directed by the Polish director Piotr Andrejew.
In 1990, he was nominated for his first Emmy Award for his performance as the 1960s civil rights activist Michael Schwerner in the 1990 TV-movie Murder in Mississippi. He starred as Joseph Stalin's projectionist in Russian director Andrei Konchalovsky's 1991 film The Inner Circle.
In 1996, he won an Emmy Award for his role as a pediatrician in a television-movie version of the Wendy Wasserstein play The Heidi Chronicles, starring Jamie Lee Curtis. Also that year, he was cast in Disney's animated film adaptation of The Hunchback of Notre Dame, providing the speaking and singing voice of the protagonist Quasimodo. Although Hulce largely retired from acting in the mid-1990s, he had bit parts in the movies Stranger Than Fiction (2006) and Jumper (2008).
Hulce remained active in theater throughout his entire acting career. In addition to Equus, he appeared in Broadway productions of A Memory of Two Mondays and A Few Good Men, for which he was a Tony Award nominee in 1990.
In the mid-1980s, he appeared in two different productions of playwright Larry Kramer's early AIDS-era drama The Normal Heart.
In 1992, he starred in a Shakespeare Theatre Company production of Hamlet. His regional theatre credits include Eastern Standard at the Seattle Repertory Theatre and Nothing Sacred at the Mark Taper Forum, both in 1988.
Amadeus is a 1984 American period biographical drama film directed by Miloš Forman and adapted by Peter Shaffer from his 1979 stage play Amadeus.
Set in Vienna, Austria, during the latter half of the 18th century, the film is a fictionalized story of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart from the time he left Salzburg, described by its writer as a fantasia on the theme of Mozart and Salieri.
Mozart's music is heard extensively in the soundtrack. The film follows a fictional rivalry between Mozart and Italian composer Antonio Salieri at the court of Emperor Joseph II. The film stars F. Murray Abraham as Salieri and Tom Hulce as Mozart. Abraham and Hulce were both nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor, with Abraham winning.
Amadeus was released by Orion Pictures on September 19, 1984, thirteen days following its world premiere in Los Angeles on September 6, 1984. Upon release, it received widespread acclaim and was a box office hit, grossing over $90 million.
Considered by many to be one of the greatest films of all time, Amadeus was nominated for 53 awards and received 40, including eight Academy Awards (including the Academy Award for Best Picture), four BAFTA Awards, four Golden Globe Awards, and a Directors Guild of America award.
As of 2021, it was the most recent film to have more than one nomination in the Academy Award for Best Actor category.
In 1998, the American Film Institute ranked it 53rd on its 100 Years... 100 Movies list.
n 2019, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant.
Today, The Grandma has received the wonderful visit of Tina Picotes, one of her closest friends, who is a great painter and fan of classical music. The Grandma loves classical music, too. They have been talking about sonatas, allegros, concerts and authors and they have dedicated special attention to Ludwig van Beethoven, the German music who is considered a crucial figure in the transition between the classical and romantic eras in classical music, who was born on a day like today in 1770.
Before Tina's arrival, The Grandma has read a new chapter of Clare West's Treading on Dreams-Stories from Ireland.
Ludwig van Beethoven (baptised 17 December 1770-26 March 1827) was a German composer and pianist.
A crucial figure in the transition between the classical and romantic eras in classical music, he remains one of the most recognized and influential musicians of this period, and is considered to be one of the greatest composers of all time.
Beethoven was born in Bonn, the capital of the Electorate of Cologne, and part of the Holy Roman Empire. He displayed his musical talents at an early age and was vigorously taught by his father Johann van Beethoven, and was later taught by composer and conductor Christian Gottlob Neefe.
At age 21, he moved to Vienna and studied composition with Joseph Haydn. Beethoven then gained a reputation as a virtuoso pianist, and was soon courted by Karl Alois, Prince Lichnowsky for compositions, which resulted in Opus 1 in 1795.
The piece was a great critical and commercial success, and was followed by Symphony No. 1 in 1800. This composition was distinguished for its frequent use of sforzandi, as well as sudden shifts in tonal centers that were uncommon for traditional symphonic form, and the prominent, more independent use of wind instruments.
In 1801, he also gained notoriety for his six String Quartets and for the ballet
The Creatures of Prometheus. During this period, his hearing began to
deteriorate, but he continued to conduct, premiering his third and fifth
symphonies in 1804 and 1808, respectively. His condition worsened to
almost complete deafness by 1811, and he then gave up performing and
appearing in public.
Ludwig van Beethoven
During this period of self exile, Beethoven composed many of his most admired works; his seventh symphony premiered in 1813, with its second movement, Allegretto, achieving widespread critical acclaim. He composed the piece MissaSolemnis for a number of years until it premiered 1824, which preceded his ninth symphony, with the latter gaining fame for being among the first examples of a choral symphony.
In 1826, his fourteenth String Quartet was noted for having seven linked movements played without a break, and is considered the final major piece performed before his death a year later.
His career is conventionally divided into early, middle, and late periods; the early period is typically seen to last until 1802, the middleperiod from 1802 to 1812, and the late period from 1812 to his death in 1827.
During his life, he composed nine symphonies; five piano concertos; one violin concerto; thirty-two piano sonatas; sixteen string quartets; two masses; and the opera Fidelio. Other works, like Für Elise, were discovered after his death, and are also considered historical musical achievements.
Beethoven's legacy is characterized for his innovative compositions, namely through the combinations of vocals and instruments, and also for widening the scope of sonata, symphony, concerto, and quartet, while he is also noted for his troublesome relationship with his contemporaries.
Beethoven was the grandson of Ludwig van Beethoven (1712–1773), a musician from the town of Mechelen in the Austrian Duchy of Brabant (in what is now the Flemish region of Belgium) who had moved to Bonn at the age of 21.
Ludwig was employed as a bass singer at the court of Clemens August, Archbishop-Elector of Cologne, eventually rising to become, in 1761, Kapellmeister (music director) and thereafter the pre-eminent musician in Bonn. The portrait he commissioned of himself towards the end of his life remained displayed in his grandson's rooms as a talisman of his musical heritage.
Ludwig had one son, Johann (1740–1792), who worked as a tenor in the same musical establishment and gave keyboard and violin lessons to supplement his income. Johann married Maria Magdalena Keverich in 1767; she was the daughter of Johann Heinrich Keverich (1701–1751), who had been the head chef at the court of the Archbishopric of Trier.
Ludwig van Beethoven
Beethoven was born of this marriage in Bonn. There is no authentic record of the date of his birth; however, the registry of his baptism, in a Catholic service at the Parish of St. Regius on 17 December 1770, survives.
As children of that era were traditionally baptised the day after birth in the Catholic Rhine country, and it is known that Beethoven's family and his teacher Johann Albrechtsberger celebrated his birthday on 16 December, most scholars accept 16 December 1770 as his date of birth.
Some time after 1779, Beethoven began his studies with his most important teacher in Bonn, Christian Gottlob Neefe, who was appointed the Court's Organist in that year. Neefe taught him composition, and by March 1783 had helped him write his first published composition: a set of keyboard variations (WoO 63).
Beethoven soon began working with Neefe as assistant organist, at first unpaid (1781), and then as a paid employee (1784) of the court chapel conducted by the Kapellmeister Andrea Luchesi. His first three piano sonatas, named Kurfürst (Elector) for their dedication to the Elector Maximilian Friedrich (1708–1784), were published in 1783. Maximilian Frederick noticed his talent early, and subsidised and encouraged the young man's musical studies.
Maximilian Frederick's
successor as the Elector of Bonn was Maximilian Francis, the youngest
son of Empress Maria Theresa of Austria, and he brought notable changes
to Bonn. Echoing changes made in Vienna by his brother Joseph, he
introduced reforms based on Enlightenment philosophy, with increased
support for education and the arts.
The teenage Beethoven was almost certainly influenced by these changes. He may also have been influenced at this time by ideas prominent in freemasonry, as Neefe and others around Beethoven were members of the local chapter of the Order of the Illuminati.
In December 1786, Beethoven travelled to Vienna, at his employer's expense, for the first time, apparently in the hope of studying with Mozart. The details of their relationship are uncertain, including whether they actually met. Having learned that his mother was ill, Beethoven returned quickly to Bonn in May 1787. His mother died shortly thereafter, and his father lapsed deeper into alcoholism. As a result, he became responsible for the care of his two younger brothers, and spent the next five years in Bonn.
From 1790 to 1792, he
composed a significant number of works -none were published at the time,
and most are now listed as WoO, works without opus number- that
demonstrated his growing range and maturity. With the Elector's help,
he left Bonn for Vienna in November 1792, amid rumours of war spilling
out of France; he learned shortly after his arrival that his father had
died.
Ludwig van Beethoven
Beethoven composed his first six string quartets (Op. 18) between 1798 and 1800 -commissioned by, and dedicated to, Prince Lobkowitz. They were published in 1801.
With premieres of his First and Second Symphonies in 1800 and 1803, he became regarded as one of the most important of a generation of young composers following Haydn and Mozart. He also continued to write in other forms, turning out widely known piano sonatas like the Pathétique sonata (Op. 13), which Cooper describes as surpass[ing] any of his previous compositions, in strength of character, depth of emotion, level of originality, and ingenuity of motivic and tonal manipulation. He also completed his Septet (Op. 20) in 1799, which was one of his most popular works during his lifetime.
His
compositions between 1800 and 1802 were dominated by two large-scale
orchestral works, although he continued to produce other important works
such as the piano sonata Sonata quasi una fantasia known as the Moonlight Sonata. In the spring of 1801 he completed The Creatures of
Prometheus, a ballet. The work received numerous performances in 1801
and 1802, and he rushed to publish a piano arrangement to capitalise on
its early popularity.
In
the spring of 1802 he completed the Second Symphony, intended for
performance at a concert that was cancelled. The symphony received its
premiere instead at a subscription concert in April 1803 at the Theater
an der Wien, where he had been appointed composer in residence. In
addition to the Second Symphony, the concert also featured the First
Symphony, the Third Piano Concerto, and the oratorio Christ on the Mount
of Olives. Reviews were mixed, but the concert was a financial success;
he was able to charge three times the cost of a typical concert ticket.
Beethoven is reported to have dated his hearing loss from a fit he suffered in 1798 induced by a rage at the interruption of his work-having fallen over, he got up to find himself deaf. His hearing only ever partially recovered and, during its gradual decline, was impeded by a severe form of tinnitus.
As early as 1801, he wrote to friends describing his symptoms and the difficulties they caused in both professional and social settings, although it is likely some of his close friends were already aware of the problems.
The cause of his
deafness is unknown, but has variously been attributed to typhus,
auto-immune disorders, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, and even
his habit of immersing his head in cold water to stay awake. The
explanation from his autopsy was that he had a distended inner ear,
which developed lesions over time. Paget's disease is another possible
cause of his deafness.
Ludwig van Beethoven
In the autumn of 1808, after having been rejected for a position at the royal theatre, he received an offer from Napoleon's brother Jérôme Bonaparte, then king of Westphalia, for a well-paid position as Kapellmeister at the court in Cassel. To persuade him to stay in Vienna, the Archduke Rudolph, Prince Kinsky and Prince Lobkowitz, after receiving representations from the composer's friends, pledged to pay him a pension of 4000 florins a year.
Between 1815 and 1817 Beethoven's output dropped again. He attributed part of this to a lengthy illness, he called it an inflammatory fever, that he had for more than a year, starting in October 1816. Biographers have speculated on a variety of other reasons that also contributed to the decline, including the difficulties in the personal lives of his would-be paramours and the harsh censorship policies of the Austrian government. The illness and death of his brother Kaspar from tuberculosis may also have played a role.
Beethoven was bedridden for most of his remaining months, and many friends came to visit. He died on 26 March 1827 at the age of 56 during a thunderstorm. His friend Anselm Hüttenbrenner, who was present at the time, said that there was a peal of thunder at the moment of death. An autopsy revealed significant liver damage, which may have been due to heavy alcohol consumption. It also revealed considerable dilation of the auditory and other related nerves.
Beethoven's funeral
procession on 29 March 1827 was attended by an estimated 20,000 people.
Franz Schubert, who died the following year and was buried next to him,
was one of the torchbearers. He was buried in a dedicated grave in the
Währing cemetery, north-west of Vienna, after a requiem mass at the
church of the Holy Trinity (Dreifaltigkeitskirche). His remains were
exhumed for study in 1862, and moved in 1888 to Vienna's
Zentralfriedhof. In 2012, his crypt was checked to see if his teeth had
been stolen during a series of grave robberies of other famous Viennese
composers.
The Beethoven Monument in Bonn was unveiled in August 1845, in honour of the 75th anniversary of his birth. It was the first statue of a composer created in Germany, and the music festival that accompanied the unveiling was the impetus for the very hasty construction of the original Beethovenhalle in Bonn, it was designed and built within less than a month, on the urging of Franz Liszt. A statue to Mozart had been unveiled in Salzburg, Austria, in 1842. Vienna did not honour Beethoven with a statue until 1880. His is the only name inscribed on one of the plaques that trim Symphony Hall, Boston; the others were left empty because it was felt that only Beethoven's popularity would endure.
There is a museum, the Beethoven House, the place of his birth, in central Bonn. The same city has hosted a musical festival, the Beethovenfest, since 1845. The festival was initially irregular but has been organised annually since 2007.
The Ira F. Brilliant Center for Beethoven Studies serves as a museum, research center, and host of lectures and performances devoted solely to this life and works.
The third largest crater on Mercury is named in his honour, as is the main-belt asteroid 1815 Beethoven.
Today, Joseph de Ca'th Lon and his friends have visited Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's birthplace in Salzburg.
Joseph is a great fan of classical music and he has enjoyed during the visit. Tina Picotes has bought some sweets and liquor of Mozart and Claire Fontaine and Tonyi Tamaki have taken lots of photos.
Before visiting MozartsGeburtshause in Makartplazt, Salzburg, The Grandma has studied a new lesson of her Elementary Language Practice manual (Grammar 69).
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (27 January 1756-5 December 1791), baptised as Johannes Chrysostomus Wolfgangus Theophilus Mozart, was a prolific and influential composer of the classical era.
Born in Salzburg, Mozart showed prodigious ability from his earliest childhood. Already competent on keyboard and violin, he composed from the age of five and performed before European royalty.
At 17, Mozart was engaged as a musician at the Salzburg court but grew restless and traveled in search of a better position. While visiting Vienna in 1781, he was dismissed from his Salzburg position. He chose to stay in the capital, where he achieved fame but little financial security. During his final years in Vienna, he composed many of his best-known symphonies, concertos, and operas, and portions of the Requiem, which was largely unfinished at the time of his early death at the age of 35. The circumstances of his death have been much mythologized.
Visiting Mozarts Geburtshaus in Salzburg
He composed more than 600 works, many acknowledged as pinnacles of symphonic, concertante, chamber, operatic, and choral music. He is among the most enduringly popular of classical composers, and his influence is profound on subsequent Western art music.
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was born on 27 January 1756 to Leopold Mozart (1719–1787) and Anna Maria, née Pertl (1720–1778), at 9 Getreidegasse in Salzburg. This was the capital of the Archbishopric of Salzburg, an ecclesiastic principality in what is now Austria, then part of the Holy Roman Empire.
He was the youngest of seven children, five of whom died in infancy. His elder sister was Maria Anna Mozart (1751–1829), nicknamed Nannerl. Mozart was baptized the day after his birth, at St. Rupert's Cathedral in Salzburg. The baptismal record gives his name in Latinized form, as Joannes Chrysostomus Wolfgangus Theophilus Mozart. He generally called himself Wolfgang Amadè Mozart as an adult, but his name had many variants.
Leopold Mozart, a native of Augsburg, Germany, was a minor composer and an experienced teacher. In 1743, he was appointed as fourth violinist in the musical establishment of Count Leopold Anton von Firmian, the ruling Prince-Archbishop of Salzburg. Four years later, he married Anna Maria in Salzburg.
Leopold became the orchestra's deputy Kapellmeister in 1763. During the year of his son's birth, Leopold published a violin textbook, Versuch einer gründlichen Violinschule, which achieved success.
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
While Wolfgang was young, his family made several European journeys in which he and Nannerl performed as child prodigies. These began with an exhibition in 1762 at the court of Prince-elector Maximilian III of Bavaria in Munich, and at the Imperial Courts in Vienna and Prague.
A long concert tour followed, spanning three and a half years, taking the family to the courts of Munich, Mannheim, Paris, London, The Hague, again to Paris, and back home via Zurich, Donaueschingen, and Munich. During this trip, Wolfgang met a number of musicians and acquainted himself with the works of other composers. A particularly important influence was Johann Christian Bach, whom he visited in London in 1764 and 1765. When he was eight years old, Mozart wrote his first symphony, most of which was probably transcribed by his father.
In August 1777, Mozart resigned his position at Salzburg and on 23 September ventured out once more in search of employment, with visits to Augsburg, Mannheim, Paris, and Munich.
In January 1781, Mozart's opera Idomeneo premiered with considerable success in Munich. The following March, Mozart was summoned to Vienna, where his employer, Archbishop Colloredo, was attending the celebrations for the accession of Joseph II to the Austrian throne.
Mozart's new career in Vienna began well. He performed often as a pianist, notably in a competition before the Emperor with Muzio Clementi on 24 December 1781, and he soon had established himself as the finest keyboard player in Vienna.
He also prospered as a composer, and in 1782 completed the opera Die Entführung aus dem Serail, The Abduction from the Seraglio, which premiered on 16 July 1782 and achieved a huge success. The work was soon being performed throughout German-speaking Europe, and fully established Mozart's reputation as a composer.
Sweets and Liquor of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
In the course of 1782 and 1783, Mozart became intimately acquainted with the work of Johann Sebastian Bach and George Frideric Handel as a result of the influence of Gottfried van Swieten, who owned many manuscripts of the Baroque masters.
Mozart's study of these scores inspired compositions in Baroque style and later influenced his personal musical language, for example in fugal passages in Die Zauberflöte, The Magic Flute, and the finale of Symphony No. 41. On 14 December 1784, Mozart became a Freemason, admitted to the lodge Zur Wohltätigkeit, Beneficence. Freemasonry played an important role in the remainder of Mozart's life: he attended meetings, a number of his friends were Masons, and on various occasions he composed Masonic music, the Maurerische Trauermusik.
Despite the great success of Die Entführung aus dem Serail, Mozart did little operatic writing for the next four years, producing only two unfinished works and the one-act Der Schauspieldirektor. He focused instead on his career as a piano soloist and writer of concertos.
Around the end of 1785, Mozart moved away from keyboard writing and began his famous operatic collaboration with the librettist Lorenzo Da Ponte. 1786 saw the successful premiere of The Marriage of Figaro in Vienna. Its reception in Prague later in the year was even warmer, and this led to a second collaboration with Da Ponte: the opera Don Giovanni, which premiered in October 1787 to acclaim in Prague, but less success in Vienna in 1788.
The two are among Mozart's most important works and are mainstays of the operatic repertoire today, though at their premieres their musical complexity caused difficulty for both listeners and performers. These developments were not witnessed by Mozart's father, who had died on 28 May 1787.
Mozart fell ill while in Prague for the 6 September 1791 premiere of his opera La clemenza di Tito, written in that same year on commission for the Emperor's coronation festivities.
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart with some friends
He continued his professional functions for some time and conducted the premiere of The Magic Flute on 30 September. His health deteriorated on 20 November, at which point he became bedridden, suffering from swelling, pain, and vomiting.
Mozart was nursed in his final illness by his wife and her youngest sister, and was attended by the family doctor, Thomas Franz Closset. He was mentally occupied with the task of finishing his Requiem, but the evidence that he actually dictated passages to his student Franz Xaver Süssmayr is minimal.
Mozart's music, like Haydn's, stands as an archetype of the Classical style. At the time he began composing, European music was dominated by the style galant, a reaction against the highly evolved intricacy of the Baroque.
Progressively, and in large part at the hands of Mozart himself, the contrapuntal complexities of the late Baroque emerged once more, moderated and disciplined by new forms, and adapted to a new aesthetic and social milieu. Mozart was a versatile composer, and wrote in every major genre, including symphony, opera, the solo concerto, chamber music including string quartet and string quintet, and the piano sonata.
These forms were not new, but Mozart advanced their technical sophistication and emotional reach. He almost single-handedly developed and popularized the Classical piano concerto. He wrote a great deal of religious music, including large-scale masses, as well as dances, divertimenti, serenades, and other forms of light entertainment.
Today, Tina Picotes and her friends are visiting Salzburg, an incredible city where Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was born in 1756. Salzburg is also the scenery of The Sound of Music a cinema masterpiece that was based on the figure of Maria Von Trapp, the stepmother and matriarch of the Trapp Family Singers.
Salzburg is wonderful place and The Grandma has enjoyed its cafès and local food but, especially, its churches. The Grandma isn't a religious person but she likes visiting them because churches are great demonstrations of history and culture. Claire Fontaine and Tonyi Tamaki have searched information about Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and his music, and Joseph de Ca'th Lon has been interested in the biography of Maria Von Trapp.
Before visiting the city, The Grandma had had a local breakfast while she has been studying a new lesson of her Elementary Language Practicemanual (Grammar 67).
Salzburg, literally salt castle, is the fourth-largest city in Austria and the capital of Federal State of Salzburg.
Its historic centre, Altstadt, is renowned for its baroque architecture and is one of the best-preserved city centres north of the Alps, with 27 churches. It was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1996. The city has threeuniversities and a large population of students. Tourists also visit Salzburg to tour the historic centre and the scenic Alpine surroundings.
Salzburg was the birthplace of the 18th-century composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. In the mid‑20th century, the city was the setting for the musical play and film The Sound of Music.
Claire Fontaine in Salzburg, the city of churches
Traces of human settlements have been found in the area, dating to the Neolithic Age. The first settlements in Salzburg continuous with the present were apparently by the Celts around the 5th century BC.
Around 15 BC the Roman Empire merged the settlements into one city. At this time, the city was called Juvavum and was awarded the status of a Roman municipium in 45 AD. Juvavum developed into an important town of the Roman province of Noricum. After the Norican frontier’s collapse, Juvavum declined so sharply that by the late 7th century it nearly became a ruin.
The Life of Saint Rupert credits the 8th-century saint with the city's rebirth. When Theodo of Bavaria asked Rupert to become bishop c. 700, Rupert reconnoitered the river for the site of his basilica. Rupert chose Juvavum,ordained priests, and annexed the manor of Piding. Rupert named the city Salzburg. He travelled to evangelise among pagans.
The name Salzburg means Salt Castle from Latin Salis Burgium. The name derives from the barges carrying salt on the River Salzach, which were subject to a toll in the 8th century as was customary for many communities and cities on European rivers. Hohensalzburg Fortress, the city's fortress, was built in 1077 by Archbishop Gebhard, who made it his residence. It was greatly expanded during the following centuries.
Independence from Bavaria was secured in the late 14th century. Salzburg was the seat of the Archbishopric of Salzburg, a prince-bishopric of the Holy Roman Empire.
Joseph de Ca'th Lon in Altenmarkt-Zauchensee
As the Reformationmovement gained steam, riots broke out among peasants in the areas in and around Salzburg. The city was occupied during the German Peasants' War, and the Archbishop had to flee to the safety of the fortress It was besieged for three months in 1525.
Eventually, tensions were quelled, and the city's independence led to an increase in wealth and prosperity, culminating in the late 16th to 18th centuries under the Prince Archbishops Wolf Dietrich von Raitenau, Markus Sittikus, and Paris Lodron. It was in the 17th century that Italian architects, and Austrians who had studied the Baroque style, rebuilt the city centre as it is today along with many palaces.
On 31 October 1731, the 214th anniversary of the 95 Theses, Archbishop Count Leopold Anton von Firmian signed an Edict of Expulsion, the Emigrationspatent, directing all Protestant citizens to recant their non-Catholic beliefs. 21,475 citizens refused to recant their beliefs and were expelled from Salzburg. Most of them accepted an offer by King Friedrich Wilhelm I of Prussia, travelling the length and breadth of Germany to their new homes in East Prussia. The rest settled in other Protestant states in Europe and the British colonies in America.
In 1772–1803, under archbishop Hieronymus Graf von Colloredo, Salzburg was a centre of late Illuminism.
In 1803, the archbishopric was secularised by Emperor Napoleon; he transferred the territory to Ferdinando III of Tuscany, former Grand Duke of Tuscany, as the Electorate of Salzburg.
In 1805, Salzburg was annexed to the Austrian Empire, along with the Berchtesgaden Provostry.
In 1809, the territory of Salzburg was transferred to the Kingdom of Bavaria after Austria's defeat at Wagram.
The Grandma visits Salzburg
After the Congress of Vienna with the Treaty of Munich (1816), Salzburg was definitively returned to Austria, but without Rupertigau and Berchtesgaden, which remained with Bavaria.
Salzburg was integrated into the Province of Salzach and Salzburgerland was ruled from Linz.
In 1850, Salzburg's status was restored as the capital of the Duchy of Salzburg, a crownland of the Austrian Empire. The city became part of Austria-Hungary in 1866 as the capital of a crownland of the Austrian Empire. The nostalgia of the Romantic Era led to increased tourism. In 1892, a funicular was installed to facilitate tourism to Hohensalzburg Fortress.
Following World War I and the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire; Salzburg, as the capital of one of the Austro-Hungarian territories, became part of the new German Austria. In 1918, it represented the residual German-speaking territories of the Austrian heartlands. This was replaced by the First Austrian Republic in 1919, after the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919).
The Anschluss, the occupation and annexation of Austria, includingSalzburg, into the Third Reich, took place on 12 March 1938, one day before a scheduled referendum on Austria's independence. German troops moved into the city.
Political opponents, Jewish citizens and other minorities were subsequently arrested and deported to concentration camps.
The Grandma & Claire contemplate Salzburg
The synagogue was destroyed. After Germany invaded the Soviet Union, several POW camps for prisoners from the Soviet Union and other enemy nations were organized in the city.
During the Nazi occupation, a Romani camp was built in Salzburg-Maxglan. It was an Arbeitserziehungslager, work education camp, which provided slave labour to local industry. It also operated as a Zwischenlager, transit camp, holding Roma before their deportation to German extermination camps or ghettos in German-occupied territories in eastern Europe.
Allied bombing destroyed 7,600 houses and killed 550 inhabitants. Fifteen air strikes destroyed 46 percent of the city's buildings, especially those around Salzburg railway station. Although the town's bridges and the dome of the cathedral were destroyed, much of its Baroque architecture remained intact.As a result, Salzburg is one of the few remaining examples of a town of its style.
American troops entered the city on 5 May 1945 and it became the centre of the American-occupied area in Austria. Several displaced persons camps were established in Salzburg -among them Riedenburg, Camp Herzl (Franz-Josefs-Kaserne), Camp Mülln, Bet Bialik, Bet Trumpeldor, and New Palestine.
After World War II, Salzburg became the capital city of the Federal State of Salzburg (Land Salzburg).
On 27 January 2006, the 250th anniversary of the birth of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, all 35 churches of Salzburg rang their bells after 8:00 p.m., local time, to celebrate the occasion. Major celebrations took place throughout the year.
Salzburg isa citysurrounded by theAlps landscape,thefourthmost populous in Austria. Near the Germanborder, is
the native townofMozart and Patrimony of Humanity (World
Heritage Site). There theyshot
the film “The Sound of Music”, and other more.
What
to see?
FORT HOHENSALZBURG: The best preserved fortressin Europe.
-Fortress Hohensalzburg is a real eye-catcher peaking out
high above the baroque towers of the city. The castle in Salzburg is an
unmistakable landmark providing the city’s world famous silhouette. Even from
afar the visitor is able to appreciate the might of this edifice. Up close the
history contained in these powerful walls is almost tangible.
SALZBURG
CATHEDRAL: Moreemblematicreligiousbuilding in the city, one of the
mostimportant
baroquemonuments inthe Alps.
-Salzburg Cathedral is probably the city's most
significant piece of church architecture and its ecclesiastical center. With
its magnificent façade and mighty dome it represents the most impressive early
Baroque edifice north of the Alps.
PALACEHELLBRUNN: The summer residence of thePrinceArchbishopMarkusSittikusis is the oldest stage
in Europe.
-Here you can experience the former pleasures of the
Prince Archbishops of Salzburg: mysterious gorges, water-operated tabletop
games and surprising water fountains in every corner of the Hellbrunn Palace.
The water features have inspired visitors for about 400 years. The name says it
all: the water features in Hellbrunn are an extraordinary pleasure which you
should not miss.
MUSEUMOFSALZBURG:Offers a fullversion of the citythroughoutits history.
-Housed in the Neuen Residenz.The Salzburg Museum is the museum of artistic
and cultural history for the city and region of Salzburg, Austria. It
originated as the Provincialmuseum and was also previously known as the Museum
Carolino-Augusteum.
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
BIRTHPLACEOFMOZART: placeof pilgrimage formusic lovers. Themuseum preserves rooms in original
state.
-Now a museum, Mozart's birthplace introduces visitors to
the early life of the composer, his first musical instruments, his friends and
his passionate interest in opera. The third floor exhibits Mozart's childhood
violin as well as portraits, documents and early editions of his music, and the
second floor is devoted to Mozart's interest in opera and includes the clavichord
on which he composed The Magic Flute. The structure is owned by the Mozart
Foundation.
WOLFGANG AMADEUS MOZART
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart has beenconsidered the mostprominent
composerofthe historyof Western music and his influence wasprofound, both inthe Germanic
world asin the Latin.
Its extensiveproduction includesalmostall kind (lied,
Germandances, concertsinstruments,
symphonies and operas). And any ofthem we can findmasterpieces, weremindthe passionateopinions ofGoethe referringto the composer
“How elsecouldnot manifestthe divinity,
but forthe evidenceof the miraclesthat occurin some men, which simplyamazeandbaffle?”
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