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The DUMBO Historic District, a historic industrial complex and national historic district in Dumbo, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.
It consists of 95 contributing buildings; the manufacturing concerns located in this district included Benjamin Moore & Co. (paint), Arbuckle Brothers (coffee and sugar), J.W. Masury & Son (paint), Robert Gair (paper boxes), E.W. Bliss (machinery), and Brillo (soap pads). The district includes the earliest large-scale reinforced concrete factory buildings in America.
On December 18, 2007, the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission voted unanimously to designate Dumbo as the city's 90th historic district.
More information: NYC The Official Guide
Occupational Safety and Health (OSH), also commonly referred to as Health and Safety, Occupational Health and Safety (OHS), Occupational Health, or Occupational Safety, is a multidisciplinary field concerned with the safety, health, and welfare of people at work.
The goal of an occupational safety and health program is to foster a safe and healthy work environment.
OSH may also protect co-workers, family members, employers, customers, and many others who might be affected by the workplace environment.
In common-law jurisdictions, employers have a common law duty to take reasonable care of the safety of their employees. Statute law may, in addition, impose other general duties, introduce specific duties, and create government bodies with powers to regulate workplace safety issues: details of this vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction.
The research and regulation of Occupational Safety and Health are a relatively recent phenomenon. As labor movements arose in response to worker concerns in the wake of the Industrial Revolution, worker's health entered consideration as a labor-related issue.
The initial remit of the Inspectorate was to police restrictions on the working hours in the textile industry of children and young persons, introduced to prevent chronic overwork, identified as leading directly to ill-health and deformation, and indirectly to a high accident rate.
However, on the urging of the Factory Inspectorate, a further Act in 1844 giving similar restrictions on working hours for women in the textile industry introduced a requirement for machinery guarding but only in the textile industry, and only in areas that might be accessed by women or children.
In 1840 a Royal Commission published its findings on the state of conditions for the workers of the mining industry that documented the appallingly dangerous environment that they had to work in and the high frequency of accidents. The commission sparked public outrage which resulted in the Mines Act of 1842. The act set up an inspectorate for mines and collieries which resulted in many prosecutions and safety improvements, and by 1850, inspectors were able to enter and inspect premises at their discretion.
Otto von Bismarck inaugurated the first social insurance legislation in 1883 and the first worker's compensation law in 1884, the first of their kind in the Western world. Similar acts followed in other countries, partly in response to labor unrest.
More information: US Department of Labor
A hazard is an agent which has the potential to cause harm to a vulnerable target.
Hazards can be both natural or human induced. Sometimes natural hazards such as floods and drought can be caused by human activity. Floods can be caused by bad drainage facilities and droughts can be caused by over-irrigation or groundwater pollution.
The terms hazard and risk are often used interchangeably however, in terms of risk assessment, they are two very distinct terms. A hazard is any agent that can cause harm or damage to humans, property, or the environment.
Risk is defined as the probability that exposure to a hazard will lead to a negative consequence, or more simply, a hazard poses no risk if there is no exposure to that hazard.
Hazards can be dormant or potential, with only a theoretical probability of harm. An event that is caused by interaction with a hazard is called an incident. The likely severity of the undesirable consequences of an incident associated with a hazard, combined with the probability of this occurring, constitute the associated risk. If there is no possibility of a hazard contributing towards an incident, there is no risk.
Another class of hazard does not involve release of stored energy, rather it involves the presence of hazardous situations. Examples include confined or limited egress spaces, oxygen-depleted atmospheres, awkward positions, repetitive motions, low-hanging or protruding objects.
Hazards may also be classified as natural, anthropogenic, or technological. They may also be classified as health or safety hazards, by the populations that may be affected, and the severity of the associated risk. In most cases a hazard may affect a range of targets, and have little or no effect on others.
More information: High Speed Training
Identification of hazards assumes that the potential targets are defined, and is the first step in performing a risk assessment.
Hazards may be grouped according to their characteristics. These factors are related to geophysical events which are not process specific:
-Areal extent of damage zone
-Intensity of impact at a point
-Duration of impact at a point
-Rate of onset of the event
-Predictability of the event
The terms hazard and risk are often used interchangeably. However, in terms of risk assessment, these are two very distinct terms. A hazard is an agent that can cause harm or damage to humans, property, or the environment. Risk is the probability that exposure to a hazard will lead to a negative consequence, or more simply, a hazard poses no risk if there is no exposure to that hazard.
Risk can be defined as the likelihood or probability of a given hazard of a given level causing a particular level of loss of damage.
The elements of risk are populations, communities, the built environment, the natural environment, economic activities and services which are under threat of disaster in a given area.
More information: HSA
The total risk according to UNDRO 1982 is the sum of predictable deaths, injuries, destruction, damage, disruption, and costs of repair and mitigation caused by a disaster of a particular level in a given area or areas.
Another definition of risk is the probable frequency and probable magnitude of future losses. This definition also focuses on the probability of future loss whereby degree of vulnerability to hazard represents the level of risk on a particular population or environment. The threats posed by a hazard are:
-Hazards to people – death, injury, disease and stress
-Hazards to goods – property damage and economic loss
-Hazards to environment – loss of flora and fauna, pollution and loss of amenity
After listening to DR's explanations, The Stones have prepared their next visit. Tonight, they are going to travel to Wolverhampton to watch the match between the local team, Wolverhampton Wanderers Football Club and Manchester City in the Molineux Stadium in Wolverhampton, Staffordshire. They have been invited by Pep Guardiola and they are very happy, especially Yolanda Stone.
Download Ocuppational Health and Safety-Tool Kit for Small Business
Ian Hacking
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