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The Semeru, in Javanese ꦱꦼꦩꦺꦫꦸ, or Mount Semeru, in Javanese ꦒꦸꦤꦸꦁꦱꦼꦩꦺꦫꦸ, is an active volcano located in East Java, Indonesia. It is located in a subduction zone, where the Indo-Australian plate subducts under the Eurasia plate. It is the highest mountain on the island of Java. The name Semeru is derived from Meru, the central world mountain in Hinduism, or Sumeru, the abode of gods. This stratovolcano is Mahameru, meaning The Great Mountain in Sanskrit. It is one of the more popular hiking destinations in Indonesia.
Semeru rises steeply above the coastal plains of eastern Java. Maars containing crater lakes have formed along a line through the volcano's summit. It was formed south of the overlapping Ajek-ajek and Jambagan calderas. The eruptive products are andesitic. Semeru lies at the south end of the Tengger Volcanic Complex.
Semeru's eruptive history is extensive. Since 1818, at least 55 eruptions have been recorded, 11 of which resulted in fatalities, consisting of lava and pyroclastic flows. All historical eruptions have had a Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) of 2 or 3.
Semeru has been in a state of near-constant eruption from 1967 to the present. The volcano's most recent eruption occurred in 2024.
Semeru is regularly climbed by tourists, usually starting from the village of Ranu Pane to the north, but though non-technical, it can be dangerous. Soe Hok Gie, an Indonesian political activist of the 1960s, died in 1969 from inhaling poisonous gases while hiking on Mount Semeru.
An eruption of Mount Semeru, a volcano in East Java province of the Indonesian island of Java, began on 4 December 2021. The eruption began after heavy precipitation caused the collapse of the lava dome at the summit. Pyroclastic flows and lahars damaged at least 5,205 homes and several public buildings. At least 69 people died, 104 more were injured, while more than five remain missing.
Semeru is one of more than 100 active volcanoes in Indonesia. At 3,676 meters in elevation, it is the highest volcano on the island. The volcano is part of a chain of volcanic mountains stretching from northern Sumatra to the Lesser Sunda Islands.
Volcanism in Indonesia is mainly associated with the offshore subduction of the Australian Plate beneath the Sunda Plate.
The oldest record of an eruption was from 1818. Since then, major eruptions have occurred in 1941, 1942, 1945, 1946, 1947, 1950, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1955-1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1977, and 1978-1989. A minor eruption occurred in January 2021 with no casualties reported.
The 4 December eruption was the latest in a series of explosive eruptions on the volcano since 2014. Recent eruptions on the volcano have been accompanied by pyroclastic flows, eruption columns, and debris avalanches.
The eruption was thought to have begun when a lava dome at the summit crater collapsed due to intense precipitation. A volcanologist at the Bandung Institute of Technology said the eruption debris flow was an accumulation of material from past eruptions. Heavy rainfall eroded volcanic material on the summit, destabilizing the lava dome. The collapsed dome triggered a series of pyroclastic flows that traveled down the slopes of the volcano.
According to a report from the geological department of the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, the plume height may have been as great as 45 km, although there are claims the height was only 11 km. Investigations are ongoing to determine the plume height. Between 5 and 9 December, eight pyroclastic flows traveled 3 km or more from the peak. The flows traveled in a southeast direction.
More information: Smithsonian Institution
-one volcano- than man makes in a whole year.
And when you look at this 'climate change,'
and when you look at the regular climate change
that we all have in the world,
we have warm and we have cooling spells.
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