J. E. FREDERIC MISTRAL, ''LOU TRESOR DÓU FELIBRIGE'

Frederic Mistral

Today, The Grandma has received the visit of one of her closest friends, Jordi Santanyí. Jordi is a writer and he loves Literature. He spends lots of hours talking with The Grandma about authors and their works. They have been talking about Frederic Mistral, the Occitan writer and lexicographer.

The Grandma loves Occitan culture and it is a great pleasure and honour to talk about Frederic Mistral, one of her favourite writers who received the 1904 Nobel Prize in Literature and who was born on a day like today in 1830. Jordi and The Grandma think that the best way to pay homage to Frederic Mistral is talking about his life and his excellent works, especially his poems.

Frederic Mistral, in Occitan Josèp Estève Frederic Mistral (8 September 1830-25 March 1914) was an Occitan writer and lexicographer of the Provençal form of the language.

Mistral received the 1904 Nobel Prize in Literature in recognition of the fresh originality and true inspiration of his poetic production, which faithfully reflects the natural scenery and native spirit of his people, and, in addition, his significant work as a Provençal philologist. He was a founding member of the Félibrige and a member of l'Académie de Marseille.

His name in his native language was Frederi Mistral (Mistrau) according to the Mistralian orthography or Frederic Mistral or Mistrau according to the classical orthography.

More information: Gutenberg

Mistral's fame was owing in part to Alphonse de Lamartine who sang his praises in the 40th edition of his periodical Cours familier de littérature, following the publication of Mistral's long poem Mirèio. Alphonse Daudet, with whom he maintained a long friendship, eulogized him in Poet Mistral, one of the stories in his collection Lettres de mon moulin.

Mistral was born in Maillane in the Bouches-du-Rhône département. His parents were wealthy landed farmers. His father, François Mistral, was from Saint-Rémy-de-Provence. His mother was Adelaide Poulinet. As early as 1471, his paternal ancestor, Mermet Mistral, lived in Maillane. By 1588, the Mistral family lived in Saint-Rémy-de-Provence.

Mistral was given the name Frederi in memory of a poor small fellow who, at the time when my parents were courting, sweetly ran their errands of love, and who died shortly afterward of sunstroke.

Frederic Mistral

Mistral did not begin school until he was about nine years, and quickly began to play truant, leading his parents to send him to a boarding school in Saint-Michel-de-Frigolet, run by a Monsieur Donnat.

After receiving his bachelor's degree in Nîmes, Mistral studied law in Aix-en-Provence from 1848 to 1851. He became a champion for the independence of Provence, and in particular for restoring the first literary language of civilized Europe, Provençal. He had studied the history of Provence during his time in Aix-en-Provence.

Emancipated by his father, Mistral resolved: to raise, revive in Provence the feeling of race...; to move this rebirth by the restoration of the natural and historical language of the country...; to restore the fashion to Provence by the breath and flame of divine poetry. For Mistral, the word race designates people linked by language, rooted in a country and in a story.

For his lifelong efforts in restoring the language of Provence, Frederic Mistral was one of the recipients of the 1904 Nobel Prize for Literature after having been nominated by two professors from the Swedish Uppsala University. The other winner that year, José Echegaray, was honored for his Spanish dramas. They shared the prize money equally.

Mistral devoted his half to the creation of the Museum at Arles, known locally as Museon Arlaten. The museum is considered to be the most important collection of Provençal folk art, displaying furniture, costumes, ceramics, tools and farming implements. In addition, Mistral was awarded the Légion d'honneur. This was a most unusual occurrence since it is usually only awarded for notable achievement on a national level whereas Mistral was uniquely Provençal in his work and achievement.

More information: Languedoc, France

In 1876, Mistral married a Burgundian woman, Marie-Louise Rivière (1857-1943) in Dijon Cathedral. They had no children. The poet died on 25 March 1914 in Maillane, the same village where he was born.

Mistral joined forces with one of his teachers, Joseph Roumanille, and five other Provençal poets and on 21 May 1854, they founded Félibrige, a literary and cultural association, which made it possible to promote the Occitan language. Placed under the patronage of Saint Estelle, the movement also welcomed Catalan poets, driven out by Isabelle II.

The seven founders of the organization were to use their Provençal names: Jóusè Roumaniho, Frederi Mistral, Teodor Aubanel, Ansèume Matiéu, Jan Brunet, Anfos Tavan and Paul Giera. Félibrige exists to this day, one of the few remaining cultural organizations in 32 departments of the Langue d'Oc.

Frederic Mistral

Mistral strove to rehabilitate the language of Provence, while carrying it to the highest summits of epic poetry.

He redefined the language in its purest form by creating a dictionary and transcribing the songs of the troubadours, who spoke the language in its original form.

Mistral is the author of Lou Tresor dóu Félibrige (1878–1886), which to date remains the most comprehensive dictionary of the Occitan language, and one of the most reliable, thanks to the precision of its definitions.

It is a bilingual dictionary, Occitan-French, in two large volumes, with all of the dialects of oc, including Provençal. Mistral owes to François Vidal the work of typesetting and revising that dictionary.

Mistral's most important work is Mirèio (Mireille), published in 1859, after eight years of effort. Mirèio, a long poem in Provençal consisting of twelve songs, tells of the thwarted love of Vincent and Mireille, two young Provençal people of different social backgrounds. The name Mireille (Mirèio in Provence) is a doublet of the word meraviho which means wonder.

Mistral used the occasion not only to promote his language but also to share the culture of an area. He tells among other tales, of Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer, where according to legend the dragon, Tarasque, was driven out, and of the famous and ancient Venus of Arles. He prefaced the poem with a short notice about Provençal pronunciation.

The poem tells how Mireille's parents wish her to marry a Provençal landowner, but she falls in love with a poor basket maker named Vincent, who loves her as well. After rejecting three rich suitors, a desperate Mireille, driven by the refusal of her parents to let her marry Vincent, runs off to Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer to pray to the patrons of Provence to change her parents' minds. Having forgotten to bring a hat, she falls victim to the heat, dying in Vincent's arms under the gaze of her parents.

Mirèio was translated into some fifteen European languages, including into French by Mistral himself. In 1863, Charles Gounod made it into an opera, Mireille.

More information: JFBrun

Aioli epitomizes the heat, the power,

and the joy of the Provencal sun,

but it has another virtue -it drives away flies.

Frederic Mistral