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Volleyball is a team sport in which two teams of six players are separated by a net. It has been a part of the official program of the Summer Olympic Games since Tokyo 1964.
Beach volleyball was introduced to the programme at the Atlanta 1996 Summer Olympics. The adapted version of volleyball at the Summer Paralympic Games is sitting volleyball.
Each team tries to score points by grounding a ball on the other team's court under organized rules.
The complete set of rules is extensive but play essentially proceeds as follows: a player on one of the teams begins a rally by serving the ball (tossing or releasing it and then hitting it with a hand or arm), from behind the back boundary line of the court, over the net, and into the receiving team's court.
The receiving team must not let the ball be grounded within their court. The team may touch the ball up to three times to return the ball to the other side of the court, but individual players may not touch the ball twice consecutively.
More information: FIVB
Typically, the first two touches are used to set up for an attack. An attack is an attempt to direct the ball back over the net in such a way that the team receiving the ball is unable to pass the ball and continue the rally, thus, losing the point. The team that wins the rally is awarded a point and serves the ball to start the next rally. A few of the most common faults include:
-Causing the ball to touch the ground or floor outside the opponents' court or without first passing over the net;
-catching and throwing the ball;
-double hit: two consecutive contacts with the ball made by the same player;
-four consecutive contacts with the ball made by the same team;
-net foul: touching the net during play;
-foot fault: the foot crosses over the boundary line when serving or under the net when a front row player is trying to keep the ball in play.
The ball is usually played with the hands or arms, but players can legally strike or push (short contact) the ball with any part of the body.
A number of consistent techniques have evolved in volleyball, including spiking and blocking (because these plays are made above the top of the net, the vertical jump is an athletic skill emphasized in the sport) as well as passing, setting, specialized player positions, and offensive and defensive structures.
In December 1895, in Holyoke, Massachusetts (United States), William G. Morgan, a YMCA physical education director, created a new game called Mintonette, a name derived from the game of badminton, as a pastime to be played (preferably) indoors and by any number of players. The game took some of its characteristics from other sports such as baseball, tennis and handball.
Another indoor sport, basketball, was catching on in the area, having been invented just sixteen kilometres away in the city of Springfield, Massachusetts, only four years before. Mintonette was designed to be an indoor sport, less rough than basketball, for older members of the YMCA, while still requiring a bit of athletic effort.
A volleyball court is 9 m×18 m, divided into equal square halves by a net with a width of one meter. The top of the net is 2.43 m above the center of the court for men's competition, and 2.24 m for women's competition, varied for veterans and junior competitions.
The minimum height clearance for indoor volleyball courts is 7 m, although a clearance of 8 m is recommended.
A line 3 m from and parallel to the net is considered the attack line. This 3 meter line divides the court into back row and front row areas, also back court and front court.
There are five positions filled on every volleyball team at the elite level. Setter, Outside Hitter/Left Side Hitter, Middle Hitter, Opposite Hitter/Right Side Hitter and Libero/Defensive Specialist. Each of these positions plays a specific, key role in winning a volleyball match.
More information: William George Morgan Creates Volleyball
when they are ahead,
a great team can win when they are behind.
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