Today, The Grandma has been reading aboutKim Philby, the British intelligence officer and a double agent for the Soviet Union.
Harold Adrian Russell "Kim" Philby (1 January 1912-11 May 1988) was a British intelligence officer and a double agent for the Soviet Union.
In 1963, he was revealed to be a member of the Cambridge Five, a spy ring that had divulged British secrets to the Soviets during World War II and in the early stages of the Cold War. Of the five, Philby is believed to have been the most successful in providing secret information to the Soviets.
Born in British India, Philby was educated at Westminster School and Trinity College, Cambridge. He was recruited by Soviet intelligence in 1934. After leaving Cambridge, Philby worked as a journalist, covering the Spanish Civil War and the Battle of France.
In 1940, he began working for the United Kingdom's Secret Intelligence Service (SIS or MI6). By the end of the Second World War he had become a high-ranking member.
In 1949, Philby was appointed first secretary to the British Embassy in Washington and served as chief British liaison with American intelligence agencies. During his career as an intelligence officer, he passed large amounts of intelligence to the Soviet Union, including the Albanian Subversion, a scheme to overthrow the pro-Soviet government of Communist Albania.
Philby was suspected of tipping off two other spies under suspicion of Soviet espionage, Donald Maclean and Guy Burgess, both of whom subsequently fled to Moscow in May 1951. Under suspicion himself, Philbyresigned from MI6 in July 1951 but was publicly exonerated by then-Foreign Secretary Harold Macmillan in 1955. He resumed his career as both a journalist and a spy for MI6 in Beirut, but was forced to defect to Moscow after finally being unmasked as aSoviet agent in 1963. Philby lived in Moscow until his death in 1988.
Kim Philby was born in Ambala, Punjab, British India, to author and explorer St John Philby and his wife, Dora Johnston. A member of the Indian Civil Service (ICS) at the time of Philby's birth, St John later became a civil servant in Mesopotamia and advisor to King Ibn Sa'ud of Saudi Arabia.
Nicknamed Kim after the boy-spy in Rudyard Kipling's novel Kim, Philby attended Aldro preparatory school, an all-boys school located in Shackleford, Surrey.
While working to aid German refugees in Vienna, Philby met Litzi Friedmann (born Alice Kohlmann), a young Austrian communist of Hungarian Jewish origins. Philby admired the strength of her political convictions.
It is possible that it was a Viennese-born friend of Friedmann's in London, Edith Tudor Hart–herself, at this time, a Soviet agent-who first approached Philby about the possibility of working for Soviet intelligence.
In early 1934 Arnold Deutsch, another Soviet agent, was sent to University College London under the cover of a research appointment, but in reality had been assigned to recruit the brightest students from Britain's top universities.
It's Sunday morning. There is nothing better that have a cup of tea meanwhile you are reading TheTimes.
TheGrandma loves English traditions and she practices lots of them. TheTimes is a newspaper based in London since 1785, then it is one of the oldest around the world.
On a day like today, TheTimes became becomes the first newspaper to be produced on a steam-poweredprintingpress,built by the German team of Koenig & Bauer and TheGrandma wants to commemorate this event talking about the history of this prestigious newspaper.
The Times is a British daily (Monday to Saturday) national newspaper based in London. It began in 1785 under the title The Daily Universal Register, adopting its current name on 1 January 1788.
The Times
and its sister paper The Sunday Times (founded in 1821) are published
by Times Newspapers, since 1981 a subsidiary of News UK, in turn wholly
owned by News Corp. The Times and The Sunday Times do not share editorial staff, were founded independently, and have only had common ownership since 1967.
The Times
is the first newspaper to have borne that name, lending it to numerous
other papers around the world, such as The Times of India and The New
York Times. In countries where these other titles are popular, the
newspaper is often referred to as The London Times or The Times of London, although the newspaper is of national scope and distribution.
The Times is the originator of the widely used Times Roman typeface,originally developed by Stanley Morison of The Times in collaboration with the Monotype Corporation for its legibility in low-tech printing.
In November 2006 The Times began printing headlines in a new font, TimesModern. The Times
was printed in broadsheet format for 219 years, but switched to compact
size in 2004 in an attempt to appeal more to younger readers and
commuters using public transport. The Sunday Times remains a broadsheet.
The Times
had an average daily circulation of 417,298 in January 2019; in the
same period, The Sunday Times had an average weekly circulation of
712,291. An American edition of The Times hasbeen published since 6 June 2006. The Times
has been heavily used by scholars and researchers because of its
widespread availability in libraries and its detailed index. A complete
historical file of the digitised paper, up to 2010, is online from Gale
Cengage Learning.
The Times
was founded by publisher John Walter on 1 January 1785 as The Daily
Universal Register, with Walter in the role of editor. Walter had lost
his job by the end of 1784 after the insurance company where he worked
went bankrupt due to losses from a Jamaican hurricane. Unemployed,
Walter began a new business venture. Henry Johnson had recently invented
the logography, a new typography that was reputedly faster and more
precise, although three years later, it was proved less efficient than
advertised. Walter bought the logography's patent and with it opened a
printing house to produce a daily advertising sheet.
The first publication of the newspaper The Daily Universal Register in Great Britain was 1 January 1785. Unhappy because the word Universal was frequently omitted from the name, Walter changed the title after 940 editions on 1 January 1788 to The Times.
In 1803,
Walter handed ownership and editorship to his son of the same name. In
spite of Walter Sr's sixteen-month stay in Newgate Prison for libel
printed in TheTimes, his pioneering efforts to obtain
Continental news, especially from France, helped build the paper's
reputation among policy makers and financiers.
The Times used contributions from significant figures in the fields of politics, science, literature, and the arts to build its reputation.
For much of its early life, the profits of The Times were very large and the competition minimal, so it could pay far better than its rivals for information or writers.
Beginning in 1814, the paper was printed on the new steam-driven cylinder press developed by Friedrich Koenig. In 1815, The Times had a circulation of 5,000.
Thomas
Barnes was appointed general editor in 1817. In the same year, the
paper's printer James Lawson, died and passed the business onto his son
John Joseph Lawson (1802–1852). Under the editorship of Barnes and his
successor in 1841, John Thadeus Delane, the influence of The Times rose to great heights, especially in politics and amongst the City of London.
In other events of the
nineteenth century, The Times opposed the repeal of the Corn Laws until
the number of demonstrations convinced the editorial board otherwise,
and only reluctantly supported aid to victims of the Irish Potato
Famine.
It
enthusiastically supported the Great Reform Bill of 1832, which reduced
corruption and increased the electorate from 400,000 people to 800,000
people, still a small minority of the population. During the American
Civil War, TheTimes represented the view of the wealthy
classes, favouring the secessionists, but it was not a supporter of
slavery. During the 19th century, it was not infrequent for the Foreign
Office to approach The Times and ask for continental intelligence, which was often superior to that conveyed by official sources.
The Times faced financial extinction in 1890
under Arthur Fraser Walter, but it was rescued by an energetic editor,
Charles Frederic Moberly Bell. During his tenure (1890–1911), The Times
became associated with selling the Encyclopædia Britannica using
aggressive American marketing methods introduced by Horace Everett
Hooper and his advertising executive, Henry Haxton. Due to legal fights
between the Britannica's two owners, Hooper and Walter Montgomery
Jackson, The Times severed its connection in 1908 and was bought by pioneering newspaper magnate, Alfred Harmsworth, later Lord Northcliffe.
Kim Philby,
a double agent with primary allegiance to the Soviet Union, was a
correspondent for the newspaper in Spain during the Spanish Civil War of
the late 1930s. Philby was admired for his courage in obtaining
high-quality reporting from the front lines of the bloody conflict. He
later joined British Military Intelligence (MI6) during World War II,
was promoted into senior positions after the war ended, and defected to
the Soviet Union when discovery was inevitable in 1963.
Between
1941 and 1946, the left-wing British historian E. H. Carr was assistant
editor. Carr was well known for the strongly pro-Soviet tone of his
editorials. In December 1944, when fighting broke out in Athens between
the Greek Communist ELAS and the British Army, Carr in a Times leader
sided with the Communists, leading Winston Churchill to condemn him and
the article in a speech to the House of Commons. As a result of Carr's
editorial, The Times became popularly known during that stage of World War II as the threepenny Daily Worker, the price of the Communist Party's Daily Worker being one penny.
In 1981, The Times
and The Sunday Times were bought from Thomson by Rupert Murdoch's News
International. The acquisition followed three weeks of intensive
bargaining with the unions by company negotiators John Collier and Bill
O'Neill. Murdoch gave legal undertakings to maintain separate journalism
resources for the two titles. The Royal Arms was reintroduced to the
masthead at about this time, but whereas previously it had been that of
the reigning monarch, it would now be that of the House of Hanover, who
were on the throne when the newspaper was founded.
There is nothing better that have a cup of tea meanwhile you are reading The Times.
The Grandma loves English traditions and she practices lots of them. TheTimes is a newspaper based in London since 1785, then it is one of the oldest around the world.
On a day like today, The Times became becomes the first newspaper to be produced on a steam-poweredprinting press, built by the German team of Koenig & Bauer and TheGrandma wants to commemorate this event talking about the history of this prestigious newspaper.
Before talking about The Times, The Grandma has read a new chapter of Mary Stewart's This Rough Magic.
The Times is a British daily (Monday to Saturday) national newspaper based in London. It began in 1785 under the title The Daily Universal Register, adopting its current name on 1 January 1788.
The Times and its sister paper The Sunday Times (founded in 1821) are published by Times Newspapers, since 1981 a subsidiary of News UK, in turn wholly owned by News Corp. The Times and The Sunday Times do not share editorial staff, were founded independently, and have only had common ownership since 1967.
The Times is the first newspaper to have borne that name, lending it to numerous other papers around the world, such as The Times of India and The New York Times. In countries where these other titles are popular, the newspaper is often referred to as The London Times or The Times of London, although the newspaper is of national scope and distribution.
The Times is the originator of the widely used Times Roman typeface,originally developed by Stanley Morison of The Times in collaboration with the Monotype Corporation for its legibility in low-tech printing.
In November 2006 The Times began printing headlines in a new font, TimesModern. The Times was printed in broadsheet format for 219 years, but switched to compact size in 2004 in an attempt to appeal more to younger readers and commuters using public transport. The Sunday Times remains a broadsheet.
The Times had an average daily circulation of 417,298 in January 2019; in the same period, The Sunday Times had an average weekly circulation of 712,291. An American edition of The Times hasbeen published since 6 June 2006. The Times has been heavily used by scholars and researchers because of its widespread availability in libraries and its detailed index. A complete historical file of the digitised paper, up to 2010, is online from Gale Cengage Learning.
The Times was founded by publisher John Walter on 1 January 1785 as The Daily Universal Register, with Walter in the role of editor. Walter had lost his job by the end of 1784 after the insurance company where he worked went bankrupt due to losses from a Jamaican hurricane. Unemployed, Walter began a new business venture. Henry Johnson had recently invented the logography, a new typography that was reputedly faster and more precise, although three years later, it was proved less efficient than advertised. Walter bought the logography's patent and with it opened a printing house to produce a daily advertising sheet.
The first publication of the newspaper The Daily Universal Register in Great Britain was 1 January 1785. Unhappy because the word Universal was frequently omitted from the name, Walter changed the title after 940 editions on 1 January 1788 to The Times.
In 1803, Walter handed ownership and editorship to his son of the same name. In spite of Walter Sr's sixteen-month stay in Newgate Prison for libel printed in TheTimes, his pioneering efforts to obtain Continental news, especially from France, helped build the paper's reputation among policy makers and financiers.
The Times used contributions from significant figures in the fields of politics, science, literature, and the arts to build its reputation.
For much of its early life, the profits of The Times were very large and the competition minimal, so it could pay far better than its rivals for information or writers.
Beginning in 1814, the paper was printed on the new steam-driven cylinder press developed by Friedrich Koenig. In 1815, The Times had a circulation of 5,000.
Thomas Barnes was appointed general editor in 1817. In the same year, the paper's printer James Lawson, died and passed the business onto his son John Joseph Lawson (1802–1852). Under the editorship of Barnes and his successor in 1841, John Thadeus Delane, the influence of The Times rose to great heights, especially in politics and amongst the City of London.
In other events of the
nineteenth century, The Times opposed the repeal of the Corn Laws until
the number of demonstrations convinced the editorial board otherwise,
and only reluctantly supported aid to victims of the Irish Potato
Famine.
The Times, First Edition 1788
It enthusiastically supported the Great Reform Bill of 1832, which reduced corruption and increased the electorate from 400,000 people to 800,000 people, still a small minority of the population. During the American Civil War, TheTimes represented the view of the wealthy classes, favouring the secessionists, but it was not a supporter of slavery. During the 19th century, it was not infrequent for the Foreign Office to approach The Times and ask for continental intelligence, which was often superior to that conveyed by official sources.
The Times faced financial extinction in 1890 under Arthur Fraser Walter, but it was rescued by an energetic editor, Charles Frederic Moberly Bell. During his tenure (1890–1911), The Times became associated with selling the Encyclopædia Britannica using aggressive American marketing methods introduced by Horace Everett Hooper and his advertising executive, Henry Haxton. Due to legal fights between the Britannica's two owners, Hooper and Walter Montgomery Jackson, The Times severed its connection in 1908 and was bought by pioneering newspaper magnate, Alfred Harmsworth, later Lord Northcliffe.
Kim Philby, a double agent with primary allegiance to the Soviet Union, was a correspondent for the newspaper in Spain during the Spanish Civil War of the late 1930s. Philby was admired for his courage in obtaining high-quality reporting from the front lines of the bloody conflict. He later joined British Military Intelligence (MI6) during World War II, was promoted into senior positions after the war ended, and defected to the Soviet Union when discovery was inevitable in 1963.
Between 1941 and 1946, the left-wing British historian E. H. Carr was assistant editor. Carr was well known for the strongly pro-Soviet tone of his editorials. In December 1944, when fighting broke out in Athens between the Greek Communist ELAS and the British Army, Carr in a Times leader sided with the Communists, leading Winston Churchill to condemn him and the article in a speech to the House of Commons. As a result of Carr's editorial, The Times became popularly known during that stage of World War II as the threepenny Daily Worker, the price of the Communist Party's Daily Worker being one penny.
In 1981, The Times and The Sunday Times were bought from Thomson by Rupert Murdoch's News International. The acquisition followed three weeks of intensive bargaining with the unions by company negotiators John Collier and Bill O'Neill. Murdoch gave legal undertakings to maintain separate journalism resources for the two titles. The Royal Arms was reintroduced to the masthead at about this time, but whereas previously it had been that of the reigning monarch, it would now be that of the House of Hanover, who were on the throne when the newspaper was founded.
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