FREE SPEECH MOVEMENT WAS LAUNCHED IN UC BERKELEY

The Grandma & Free Speech Movement, 1964

The Grandma wants to talk about the Free Speech Movement, an American civil movement that was launched on the campus of the University of California, Berkeley, on a day like today in 1964.

Two years ago, on a day like today, The Grandma was trying to get her right to vote in the Catalan Referendum after sleeping all night in the polling station, a school, and defending during all the morning her ballot box against the violence executed by the Spanish Police against the voters.

Right to vote is a civil right, a human right, and the base of a democracy in the same way that Free Speech is. Remembering these two events in Berkeley and Catalonia is a good opportunity to not forget human rights, to fight for them, to defence them, if we want to live in something called Democracy.


The University of California, Berkeley, also referred to as UC Berkeley, is a public research university located in Berkeley, California.

Founded in 1868, Berkeley is the flagship institution of the ten research universities affiliated with the University of California system and is ranked as one of the world's most prestigious universities and the top public university in the United States.

Established in 1868 as the University of California, resulting from the merger of the private College of California and the public Agricultural, Mining and Mechanical Arts College in Oakland, Berkeley offers approximately 350 undergraduate and graduate degree programs in a wide range of disciplines.

The Dwinelle Bill of March 5, 1868 said that the University shall have for its design, to provide instruction and thorough and complete education in all departments of science, literature and art, industrial and professional pursuits, and general education, and also special courses of instruction in preparation for the professions.

In the 1960s, Berkeley was particularly noted for the Free Speech Movement as well as the Anti-Vietnam War Movement led by its students.

More information: University of California

The Free Speech Movement (FSM) was a massive, long-lasting student protest which took place during the 1964–65 academic year on the campus of the University of California, Berkeley.

The Movement was informally under the central leadership of Berkeley graduate student Mario Savio. Other student leaders include Jack Weinberg, Michael Rossman, George Barton, Brian Turner, Bettina Aptheker, Steve Weissman, Michael Teal, Art Goldberg, Jackie Goldberg, and others.

Free Speech Movement, 1964

With the participation of thousands of students, the Free Speech Movement was the first mass civil disobedience in college campus of the United States during 1960s. 

Students insisted that the university administration lift the ban of on-campus political activities and acknowledge the students' right to free speech and academic freedom.

The Free Speech Movement was under the influence of the New Left, and was also related to the American Civil Rights Movement and the Anti-Vietnam War Movement. It exhibits far-reaching influence on the political views and values of generations of college students, university administrations, and the general public in the United States.

In 1958, activist students organized SLATE, a campus political party meaning a slate of candidates running on the same level -a same slate. The students created SLATE to promote the right of student groups to support off-campus issues.

 More information: FSM

In the fall of 1964, student activists, some of whom had traveled with the Freedom Riders and worked to register African American voters in Mississippi in the Freedom Summer project, set up information tables on campus and were soliciting donations for causes connected to the Civil Rights Movement. 

According to existing rules at the time, fundraising for political parties was limited exclusively to the Democratic and Republican school clubs. There was also a mandatory loyalty oath required of faculty, which had led to dismissals and ongoing controversy over academic freedom.

Sol Stern, a former radical who took part in the Free Speech Movement, stated in a 2014 City Journal article that the group viewed the United States to be both racist and imperialistic and that the main intent after lifting Berkeley's loyalty oath was to build on the legacy of C Wright Mills and weaken the Cold War consensus by promoting the ideas of the Cuban Revolution.

More information: BBC

On September 14, 1964, Dean Katherine Towle announced that existing University regulations prohibiting advocacy of political causes or candidates, outside political speakers, recruitment of members, and fundraising by student organizations at the intersection of Bancroft and Telegraph Avenues would be strictly enforced.

On October 1, 1964, former graduate student Jack Weinberg was sitting at the CORE table. He refused to show his identification to the campus police and was arrested. There was a spontaneous movement of students to surround the police car in which he was to be transported. This was a form of civil disobedience which became a major part of the movement. These protests were meant to illustrate that the opposing side was in the wrong. The police car remained there for 32 hours, all while Weinberg was inside it. At one point, there may have been 3,000 students around the car. The car was used as a speaker's podium and a continuous public discussion was held which continued until the charges against Weinberg were dropped.

Free Speech Movement Students

On December 2, between 1,500 and 4,000 students went into Sproul Hall as a last resort in order to re-open negotiations with the administration on the subject of restrictions on political speech and action on campus. Among other grievances was the fact that four of their leaders were being singled out for punishment. The demonstration was orderly; students studied, watched movies, and sang folk songs. Joan Baez was there to lead in the singing, as well as lend moral support. Freedom classes were held by teaching assistants on one floor, and a special Channukah service took place in the main lobby.

At midnight, Alameda County deputy district attorney Edwin Meese III telephoned Governor Edmund Brown Sr., asking for authority to proceed with a mass arrest. Shortly after 2 a.m. on December 4, 1964, police cordoned off the building, and at 3:30 a.m. began the arrest.

More information: Timeline

Close to 800 students were arrested, most of which were transported by bus to Santa Rita Jail in Dublin, about 25 miles away. They were released on their own recognizance after a few hours behind bars. About a month later, the university brought charges against the students who organized the sit-in, resulting in an even larger student protest that all but shut down the university.

After much disturbance, the University officials slowly backed down. By January 3, 1965, the new acting chancellor, Martin Meyerson -who had replaced the previous resigned Edward Strong-, established provisional rules for political activity on the Berkeley campus. He designated the Sproul Hall steps an open discussion area during certain hours of the day and permitting tables. This applied to the entire student political spectrum, not just the liberal elements that drove the Free Speech Movement.

Most outsiders, however, identified the Free Speech Movement as a movement of the Left. Students and others opposed to U.S. foreign policy did indeed increase their visibility on campus following the FSM's initial victory. In the spring of 1965, the FSM was followed by the Vietnam Day Committee, a major starting point for the anti-Vietnam war movement.

More information: WUWM 89.7

For the first time, disobedience tactics of the Civil Rights Movement were brought by the Free Speech Movement to a college campus in the 1960s.

Those approaches gave the students exceptional leverage to make demands of the university administrators, and build the foundation for future protests, such as those against the Vietnam War.

The Free Speech Movement had long-lasting effects at the Berkeley campus and was a pivotal moment for the civil liberties movement in the 1960s.  

The Free Speech Movement was seen as the beginning of the famous student activism that existed on the campus in the 1960s, and continues to a lesser degree today. There was a substantial voter backlash against the individuals involved in the Free Speech Movement.

Joan Baez supporting Free Speech Movement

Ronald Reagan won an unexpected victory in the fall of 1966 and was elected Governor. He then directed the UC Board of Regents to dismiss UC President Clark Kerr because of the perception that he had been too soft on the protesters.

The FBI kept secret files on Kerr and Savio, and subjected their lives and careers to interference under COINTELPRO. Reagan had gained political traction by campaigning on a platform to clean up the mess in Berkeley. In the minds of those involved in the backlash, a wide variety of protests, concerned citizens, and activists were lumped together. Furthermore, television news and documentary filmmaking had made it possible to photograph and broadcast moving images of protest activity.

Much of this media is available today as part of the permanent collection of the Bancroft Library at Berkeley, including iconic photographs of the protest activity by student Ron Enfield, then chief photographer for the Berkeley campus newspaper, the Daily Cal.

More information: Berkeleyside

A reproduction of what may be considered the most recognizable and iconic photograph of the movement, a shot of suit-clad students carrying the Free Speech banner through the University's Sather Gate in Fall of 1964, now stands at the entrance to the college's Free Speech Movement Cafe.

Earlier protests against the House Committee on Un-American Activities meeting in San Francisco in 1960 had included an iconic scene as protesters were literally washed down the steps inside the Rotunda of San Francisco City Hall with fire hoses. The anti-Communist film Operation Abolition depicted this scene and became an organizing tool for the protesters. 

The Free Speech Monument, commemorating the movement, was created in 1991 by artist Mark Brest van Kempen. It is located, appropriately, in Sproul Plaza. The monument consists of a six-inch hole in the ground filled with soil and a granite ring surrounding it. The granite ring bears the inscription, This soil and the air space extending above it shall not be a part of any nation and shall not be subject to any entity's jurisdiction. The monument makes no explicit reference to the movement, but it evokes notions of free speech and its implications through its rhetoric.

 More information: Jo Free Man

Without freedom of thought,

there can be no such thing as wisdom 

-and no such thing as public liberty

without freedom of speech.

Benjamin Franklin