Today, The Grandma has been watching some filmsinterpreted by KatharineHepburn, the Americanactress, who was born on a day like today in 1907.
Katharine Houghton Hepburn (May 12, 1907-June 29, 2003) was an American actress whosecareer as a Hollywood leading lady spannedsixdecades.
She was known for her headstrong independence, spirited personality, and outspokenness, cultivating a screen persona that matched this public image, and regularly playing strong-willed, sophisticated women.
She worked in a varied range of genres, from screwball comedy to literary drama, which earned her various accolades, including four Academy Awards for Best Actress -a record for any performer.
Katharine Houghton Hepburn was born on May12, 1907, in Hartford, Connecticut. Raised in Connecticut by wealthy, progressive parents, Hepburn began to act while at Bryn Mawr College. Favorable reviews of her work on Broadway brought her to the attention of Hollywood. Her early years in film brought her international fame, including an Academy Award for Best Actress for her third film, Morning Glory (1933), but this was followed by a series of commercial failures culminating in the critically lauded box office failure Bringing Up Baby (1938).
Hepburn masterminded her comeback, buying out her contract with RKO Radio Pictures and acquiring the film rights to The Philadelphia Story, which she sold on the condition that she be the star. That comedy film was a box office success and landed her a third Academy Award nomination.
In the 1940s, she was contracted to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, where her career focused on an alliance with Spencer Tracy. The screen partnership spanned 26 years and produced nine films.
Hepburn challenged herself in the latter half of her life as she tackled Shakespearean stage productions and a range of literary roles. She found a niche playing mature, independent, and sometimes unmarried women such as in The African Queen (1951), a persona the public embraced. Hepburn received three more Academy Awards for her performances in Guess Who's Coming to Dinner (1967), The Lion in Winter (1968), and On Golden Pond (1981).
In the 1970s, she began appearing in television films, which later became her focus. She made her final screen appearance at the age of 87. After a period of inactivity and ill health, Hepburn died in 2003 at the age of 96.
Hepburn famously shunned the Hollywood publicity machine, and refused to conform to societal expectations of women. She was outspoken, assertive, athletic, and wore pants before it was fashionable. She married once, as a young woman, but thereafter lived independently. A 26-year relationship with her co-star Spencer Tracy was hidden from the public. With her unconventional lifestyle and the independent characters she brought to the screen, Hepburn came to epitomize the modern woman in 20th-century America and influenced changing popular perceptions of women.
In 1999, she was named the greatest female star of classic Hollywoodcinema by the American Film Institute.
Hepburn stated in her eighties, I have no fear of death. Must be wonderful, like a long sleep. She died on June 29, 2003.
Today, The Grandma has been reading aboutKim Philby, the British intelligence officer and a double agent for the Soviet Union.
Harold Adrian Russell "Kim" Philby (1 January 1912-11 May 1988) was a British intelligence officer and a double agent for the Soviet Union.
In 1963, he was revealed to be a member of the Cambridge Five, a spy ring that had divulged British secrets to the Soviets during World War II and in the early stages of the Cold War. Of the five, Philby is believed to have been the most successful in providing secret information to the Soviets.
Born in British India, Philby was educated at Westminster School and Trinity College, Cambridge. He was recruited by Soviet intelligence in 1934. After leaving Cambridge, Philby worked as a journalist, covering the Spanish Civil War and the Battle of France.
In 1940, he began working for the United Kingdom's Secret Intelligence Service (SIS or MI6). By the end of the Second World War he had become a high-ranking member.
In 1949, Philby was appointed first secretary to the British Embassy in Washington and served as chief British liaison with American intelligence agencies. During his career as an intelligence officer, he passed large amounts of intelligence to the Soviet Union, including the Albanian Subversion, a scheme to overthrow the pro-Soviet government of Communist Albania.
Philby was suspected of tipping off two other spies under suspicion of Soviet espionage, Donald Maclean and Guy Burgess, both of whom subsequently fled to Moscow in May 1951. Under suspicion himself, Philbyresigned from MI6 in July 1951 but was publicly exonerated by then-Foreign Secretary Harold Macmillan in 1955. He resumed his career as both a journalist and a spy for MI6 in Beirut, but was forced to defect to Moscow after finally being unmasked as aSoviet agent in 1963. Philby lived in Moscow until his death in 1988.
Kim Philby was born in Ambala, Punjab, British India, to author and explorer St John Philby and his wife, Dora Johnston. A member of the Indian Civil Service (ICS) at the time of Philby's birth, St John later became a civil servant in Mesopotamia and advisor to King Ibn Sa'ud of Saudi Arabia.
Nicknamed Kim after the boy-spy in Rudyard Kipling's novel Kim, Philby attended Aldro preparatory school, an all-boys school located in Shackleford, Surrey.
While working to aid German refugees in Vienna, Philby met Litzi Friedmann (born Alice Kohlmann), a young Austrian communist of Hungarian Jewish origins. Philby admired the strength of her political convictions.
It is possible that it was a Viennese-born friend of Friedmann's in London, Edith Tudor Hart–herself, at this time, a Soviet agent-who first approached Philby about the possibility of working for Soviet intelligence.
In early 1934 Arnold Deutsch, another Soviet agent, was sent to University College London under the cover of a research appointment, but in reality had been assigned to recruit the brightest students from Britain's top universities.
Today, The Grandma has been reading about the Horch & Cir.Motorwagenwerke AG company that was founded on a day like today in 1904.
Horch was a German carmanufacturer, which traced its roots to several companies founded in the late 19th and early 20th century by AugustHorch.
It is one of the predecessors of thepresent day Audi company, which itself resulted from the merger of Auto UnionAktiengesellschaft (AG) and NSUMotorenwerke in 1969. Auto Union AG in turn was formed in 1932, following the merger of Horch, DKW, Wanderer and the original Audi Automobilwerke GmbH Zwickau, established by AugustHorch in 1910.
In 2021, Audi reused the Horch name as a flagship trim level for the Audi A8 in China to compete with the Mercedes-Maybach S-Class.
August Horchand his first business partner Salli Herz established the company on November 14, 1899 in the district of Ehrenfeld, Cologne in Cologne.
August Horch had previously worked as a production manager for Karl Benz. Three years later, in 1902, he moved the company to Reichenbach im Vogtland.
On May 10, 1904 he founded the Horch & Cie. Motorwagenwerke AG, a joint-stock company in Zwickau (Kingdom of Saxony). The city of Zwickau was the capital of the South Western Saxon County and one of Saxony's industrial centres at that time.
After troubles with the Horch chief financial officer, August Horch founded a second company on 16 July 1909, the August Horch Automobilwerke GmbH in Zwickau. He had to rename the company because Horch was already a registered brand and he did not hold the rights to the name.
On 25 April 1910 the name Audi Automobilwerke was entered in the company's register at the Zwickau registration court.
Audi is the Latin translation of horch, from the German verb horchen, which means listen! (compare English hark). The Audi name was proposed by a son of one of Horch's business partners from Zwickau.
In 1932 both companies from Zwickau (Horch and Audi) merged with Zschopauer Motorenwerke J. S. Rasmussen (the DKW brand) and the Wanderer car-production facilities to become the Auto Union corporation of Saxony. The Silver Arrow racing cars of the Auto Union racing team in Zwickau -developed by Ferdinand Porsche and Robert Eberan von Eberhorst, and driven by Bernd Rosemeyer, Hans Stuck, Tazio Nuvolari and Ernst von Delius- became known the world over in the 1930s.
In 1909, the supervisory board (the German equivalent of the Board of Directors) of the corporation forced out Horch. Horch went on to found Audi as AudiwerkeGmbH, which became effective on 25 April 1910. The name was a solution to the legal dispute with his old company over use of the Horch brand and a clever play of words.
In 1928, the company was acquired by Jørgen Skafte Rasmussen, owner of DKW (from the German Dampfkraftwagen, or steam engine vehicle) who had bought the remains of the US automobile manufacturer Rickenbacker in the same year. The Rickenbacker purchase included their manufacturing equipment for eight-cylinder engines.
Eventually, on 29 June 1932, Horch, Audi, DKW and Wanderer merged to form the Auto Union. The current Audi four-ring logo is the Auto Union logo that represents the merger of these four brands. In the 1930s, Horch introduced a new line of smaller and cheaper, but still presentable, V8 automobiles. In 1936, Horch presented the 25,000th 8-cylinder luxury car in Zwickau.
The Auto Union Grand Prix racing cars types A to D, were developed and built by a specialist racing department of Horch works in Zwickau between 1933 and 1939. Between 1935 and 1937 Auto Union cars won 25 races, driven by Ernst von Delius, Tazio Nuvolari, Bernd Rosemeyer, Hans Stuck and Achille Varzi.
Auto Union became a major supplier of vehicles to the German Wehrmacht, such as Heavy standard passenger car (Horch 108), Medium standard passenger car (Horch 901 and Wanderer 901) and Half-track Sd.Kfz. 11. Civilian production was suspended after March 1940. After the war the AutoUnion AG at Chemnitz was dissolved and in Ingolstadt, West Germany the new Auto Union GmbH was founded, where civilian car production continued. Due to widespread poverty in postwar Germany, only small DKW vehicles with two stroke engines were produced.
After Auto Union was purchased in 1964 by the Volkswagenwerk AG, the old brand Audi was introduced again, together with the new four stroke vehicle Audi F103. Daimler-Benz retained the trademark rights to the Horch brand until the mid 1980s. Daimler-Benz then transferred the rights to the Horch brand name to Audi which in turn signed a waiver to use the name Silberpfeil (silver-arrow) for any modern Audi racing car. However, the brand has remained dormant.
Today, Claire Fontaine & The Grandma have enjoyed a wonderful tribute to MikisTheodorakis, the Greekcomposer, in Barcelona.
Michael Mikis Theodorakis, in Greek ΜιχαήλΘεοδωράκης, born 29 July 1925, is a Greek composer and lyricist who has contributed to contemporary Greek music with over 1000 works.
He scored for the films Zorba the Greek (1964), Z (1969), and Serpico (1973). He composed the MauthausenTrilogy, also known as The Ballad of Mauthausen, which has been described as the most beautiful musical work ever written about the Holocaust and possibly his best work. He is viewed as Greece's best-known living composer. He was awarded the Lenin Peace Prize.
Politically,
he is associated with the left because of his long-standing ties to the
Communist Party of Greece. He was an MP for the KKE from 1981-90.
Nevertheless, in 1989 he ran as an independent candidate within the
centre-right New Democracy party, in order for the country to emerge
from the political crisis that had been created due to the numerous
scandals of the government of Andreas Papandreou, and helped establish a
large coalition between conservatives, socialists and leftists.
In 1990 he was elected to the parliament, as in 1964 and 1981, became a government minister under Constantine Mitsotakis, and fought against drugs and terrorism and for culture, education and better relations betweenGreeceand Turkey.
He continued to speak out in favor of left-liberal causes,
Greek–Turkish–Cypriot relations, and against the War in Iraq. He has
consistently opposed oppressive regimes and was a key voice against the
1967–74 Greek junta, which imprisoned him and banned his songs.
Mikis Theodorakis was born on the Greek island of Chios and spent his childhood years in different provincial Greek cities such as Mytilene, Cephallonia, Patras, Pyrgos, and Tripoli.
His father, a lawyer and a civil servant, was from the small village of KatoGalatas on Crete and his mother, Aspasia Poulakis, was from an ethnically Greek family in Çeşme, in what is today Turkey. He was raised with Greekfolk music and was influenced by Byzantine liturgy; as a child he had already talked about becoming a composer.
His
fascination with music began in early childhood; he taught himself to
write his first songs without access to musical instruments. He took his
first music lessons in Patras and Pyrgos, where he was a childhood
friend of George Pavlopoulos, and in Tripoli, Peloponnese, he gave his first concert at the age of seventeen.
He went to
Athens in 1943, and became a member of a Reserve Unit of ELAS, and led a
troop in the fight against the British and the Greek right in the
Dekemvriana.
During
the Greek Civil War he was arrested, sent into exile on the island of
Icaria and then deported to the island of Makronisos, where he was tortured and twice buried alive.
During
the periods when he was not obliged to hide, not exiled or jailed, he
studied from 1943 to 1950 at the Athens Conservatoire under Filoktitis
Economidis.
In 1950, he finished his studies and took his last two exams with flying colours. He went to Crete, where he became the head of the Chania Music School and founded his first orchestra. At this time he ended what he has called the first period of his musical writing.
In 1954
he travelled with his young wife Myrto Altinoglou to Paris where he
entered the Conservatory and studied musical analysis under Olivier
Messiaen and conducting under Eugene Bigot. His time in Paris,
1954–1959, was his second period of musical writing.
In 1960, Theodorakis returned to Greece and his roots in genuine Greek music: With his song cycle Epitaphios he started the third period of his composing and contributed to a cultural revolution in his country.
His most significant and influential works are based on Greek and worldpoetry -Epiphania (Giorgos Seferis), Little Kyklades (Odysseas Elytis), AxionEsti (Odysseas Elytis), Mauthausen (Iakovos Kambanellis), Romiossini(Yannis Ritsos), and Romancero Gitano (Federico García Lorca)- he attempted to giveback to Greek music a dignity which in his perception it had lost. He developed his concept of metasymphonic music.
He founded the Little Orchestra of Athens and the Musical Society ofPiraeus,
gave many, many concerts all around Greece and abroad... and he
naturally became involved in the politics of his home country. After the
assassination of Gregoris Lambrakis in May 1963 he founded the LambrakisDemocratic Youth (Lambrakidès) and was elected its president.
Under Theodorakis's
impetus, it started a vast cultural renaissance movement and became the
greatest political organisation in Greece with more than 50.000
members. Following the 1964 elections, Theodorakis became a member of the Greek Parliament, associated with the left-wing party EDA.
Because of his political ideas, the composer was black-listed by the cultural establishment; at the time of his biggest artistic glory, a large number of his songs were censored-before-studio or were not allowed on the radio stations.
During 1964, he wrote the music for the Michael Cacoyiannis film Zorba the Greek, whose main theme, since then, exists as a trademark for Greece. It is also known as Syrtaki dance; inspired from old Cretan traditional dances.
On 21 April 1967 a right wing junta, the Regime of the Colonels, took power in a putsch. Theodorakis went underground and founded the Patriotic Front(PAM).
On 1 June, the Colonels published Army decree No 13, which banned playing, and even listening to his music.
Theodorakis himself was arrested on 21 August, and jailed for five months.
Following his release end of January 1968, he was banished in August to
Zatouna with his wife Myrto and their two children, Margarita and
Yorgos. Later he was interned in the concentration camp of Oropos.
An
international solidarity movement, headed by such personalities as
Dmitri Shostakovich, Leonard Bernstein, Arthur Miller, and Harry
Belafonte demanded to get Theodorakis freed. On request of the
French politician Jean-Jacques Servan-Schreiber, Theodorakis was allowed
to go into exile to Paris on 13 April 1970.
Theodorakis's flight left very secretly from an Onassis owned private airport outside Athens. Theodorakis arrived at Le Bourget Airport where he met Costa Gavras, Melina Mercouri and Jules Dassin. Theodorakis was
immediately hospitalized because he suffered from lung tuberculosis.
Myrto Theodorakis, Mikis's wife and two children joined him a week later
in France. They arrived from Greece to France via Italy on a boat.
While in exile, Theodorakis fought during four years for the overthrowof the colonels. He started his world tours and gave thousands of concerts on all continents as part of his struggle for the restoration of democracy in Greece.
He met Pablo Neruda and Salvador Allende and promised them to compose his version of Neruda's Canto General.
He was received by Gamal Abdel Nasser and Tito, Yigal Allon and Yasser
Arafat, while François Mitterrand, Olof Palme and Willy Brandt became
his friends. For millions of people, Theodorakis was the symbol of resistance against the Greek dictatorship.
After the fall of the Colonels, Mikis Theodorakis returned to Greece on 24 July 1974 to continue his work and his concert tours, both in Greece and abroad.
He was committed to raise international awareness of human rights, ofenvironmental issues and of the need for peace and, for this reason, he initiated, along with the Turkish author, musician, singer, and filmmaker ZülfüLivaneli the Greek–Turkish Friendship Society.
Now he
lives in retirement, reading, writing, publishing arrangements of his
scores, texts about culture and politics. On occasions he still takes
position: in 1999, opposing NATO's Kosovo war and in 2003 against the
Iraq War.
In
2005, he was awarded the Sorano Friendship and Peace Award, the Russian
International St.-Andrew-the-First-Called Prize, the insignia of Grand
Officer of the Order of Merit of Luxembourg, and the IMC UNESCO
International Music Prize, while already in 2002 he was honoured in Bonn
with the Erich Wolfgang Korngold Prize for film music at the
International Film Music Biennial in Bonn.
In 2007, he received a Lifetime Achievement Award at the distribution of the World Soundtrack Awards in Ghent.
Mikis Theodorakis has been versionated by lots of artists. One of the most popular has been Maria del Mar Bonet, the voice of the Mediterranean, who adapted some Theodorakis's songs to Catalan.
Με τόσα φύλλα σου γνέφει ο ήλιος καλημέρα με τόσα φλάμπουρα λάμπει, λάμπει ο ουρανός και τούτοι μέσ' τα σίδερα και κείνοι μεσ' το χώμα. Σώπα όπου να 'ναι θα σημάνουν οι καμπάνες. Αυτό το χώμα είναι δικό τους και δικό μας.
The sun beckons 'good morning' to you with his leaves The sky shines from all these flags These people behind bars and those buried Be silent, in some minutes the bells will ring This soil is their soil, is our soil.
Today, The Grandma has been reading aboutthe Tollund Man, the mummified Pre-Roman Iron Age corpse of a man that was discovered on a day like today in 1950.
The Tollund Man (died 405-384 BC) is a naturallymummified corpse of a man who lived during the 5th century BC, during the period characterised in Scandinavia as the Pre-Roman Iron Age.
He was found in 1950, preserved as a bog body near Silkeborg on the Jutland peninsula in Denmark. The man's physical features were so well preserved that he was mistaken for a recent murder victim. Twelve years before his discovery, another bog body, Elling Woman, was found in the same bog.
The cause of death has been determined to be by hanging. There is insufficient evidence to determine if the reason for the killing was a ritual sacrifice or a punitive execution.
On 8 May 1950, peat cutters Viggo and Emil Hojgaard discovered a corpse in the peat layer of the Bjældskovdal peat bog, 12 km west of Silkeborg, Denmark, which was so well preserved that they at first believed they had discovered a recent murder victim.
The Tollund Man lay 60 m away from firm ground, buried under 2.3 m of peat, his body arranged in a fetal position. He wore a pointed skin cap of sheepskin and wool, fastened under his chin by a hide thong, and a smooth hide belt around his waist. Additionally, a noose made of plaited animal hide was drawn tight around his neck and trailed down his back. Other than these, the body was naked. His hair was cropped so short as to be almost entirely hidden by his cap. There was short stubble (1 mm in length) on his chin and upper lip, suggesting that he was usually clean-shaven, but had not shaved on the day of his death.
The Tollund Man was approximately 40 years old. The Tollund Man's last meal consisted of a porridge with barley, flax, wild weed seeds, and some fish.
Radiocarbon dating of Tollund Man indicated that he died circa 405-380 BC. The preserved tender soft tissues of his body are the consequence of the acid in the peat, along with the lack of oxygen underneath the surface and the cold climate of the Nordic countries. The acid in the peat, needed for the preservation of a human body, is caused by a bryophyte named Sphagnum. Sphagnum fights against degradation due to resistant phenolic compounds contained in their cell walls. Due to the acidity of peat, bones are typically dissolved rather than preserved.
Scientists conducted an isotope analysis of the element strontium to measure the exact quantities to get an accurate idea of where he may have travelled before his death. They took samples from his femur and hair to compare. They were only able to measure up to a year because of his hair being short. The results contained only small differences in strontium isotope proportions, suggesting that he spent his final year in Denmark, and that he may have moved at least 30 kilometres in his last six months.
Examinations and X-rays showed that the man's head was undamaged, and his heart, lungs and liver were well preserved. The Silkeborg Museum estimated his age as approximately 40 years and height at 1.61 m, a relatively short stature even for the time. It is likely that the body had shrunk in the bog.
On the initial autopsy report in 1950, doctors concluded that Tollund Man died by hanging rather than strangulation. The rope left visible furrows in the skin beneath his chin and at the sides of his neck. There was no mark, however, at the back of the neck where the knot of the noose would have been located. After a re-examination in 2002, forensic scientists found further evidence to support these initial findings. Although the cervical vertebrae were undamaged (these vertebrae are often damaged as a result of hanging), radiography showed that the tongue was distended -an indication of death by hanging.
The stomach and intestines were examined and tests were carried out on their contents. Scientists identified the man's last meal as porridge or gruel made from grains and seeds, both cultivated and wild. Approximately 40 kinds of seeds were identified, but the porridge was primarily composed of four types: barley, flax, false flax (Camelina sativa) and knotgrass. From the stage of digestion it was concluded that the man had eaten 12 to 24 hours prior to his death. Porridges were common for people of this time. Because neither meat nor fresh fruit was found in the last meal, it is suggested that the meal was eaten in winter or early spring when these items were not available.
Both feet and the right thumb, being well conserved by the peat, were also preserved in formalin for later examination. In 1976, the Danish police made a fingerprint analysis, making Tollund Man's thumbprint one of the oldest prints on record.
The reason for Tollund Man's death has not been definitively determined. Some scholars believe the man was a ritual sacrifice because of the special treatment of the body: the arranged position of his body, the eyes and mouth being closed and the special meal that had been ingested. However, other scholars believe that his death may have been an execution, in part because Germanic tribes buried traitors under piles of sticks.
The body is displayed at the Silkeborg Museum in Denmark, although only the head is original. Because conservation techniques for organic material were insufficiently advanced in the early 1950s for the entire body to be preserved, the forensic examiners suggested the head be severed and the rest of the body remain unpreserved. Subsequently, the body was desiccated and the tissue disappeared.
In 1987, the Silkeborg Museum reconstructed the body using the skeletal remains as a base. As displayed today, the original head is attached to a replica of the body.
In Denmark, more than 500 bog bodies and skeletal remains dating to the Iron Age have been recovered. Specimens from Jutland include the relatively well-preserved Borremose bodies, Huldremose Woman, Grauballe Man on display at Moesgaard Museum near Aarhus, and the similarly conserved Haraldskær Woman. Approximately 30 of these bog bodies are housed and/or displayed in Danish museums for continued research.
Homo sapiens have explored many ages: the Stone Age, the Bronze Age, the Iron Age and, as of late, the Industrial Age, of which we have only tried for a couple hundred years. Before we seemingly dive headfirst into a Digital, Automated or Artificial Age, we are in desperate need of an Age of Reflection.
Today, The Grandma has been reading about David Hume, the Scottishphilosopher who was born on a day like today in 1711.
David Hume (7 May 1711-25 August 1776) was a Scottish philosopher, historian, economist, and essayistwho was best known for his highly influential system of empiricism, philosophical scepticism and metaphysical naturalism.
Beginning with A Treatise of Human Nature (1739-40), Hume strove to create a naturalistic science of man that examined the psychological basis of human nature. Hume followed John Locke in rejecting the existence of innate ideas, concluding that all human knowledge derives solely from experience. This places him with Francis Bacon, Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and George Berkeley as an empiricist.
Hume argued that inductive reasoning and belief in causality cannot be justified rationally; instead, they result from custom and mental habit. We never actually perceive that one event causes another but only experience the constantconjunction of events. This problem of induction means that to draw any causal inferences from past experience, it is necessary to presuppose that the future will resemble the past; this metaphysical presupposition cannot itself be grounded in prior experience.
An opponent of philosophical rationalists, Hume held that passions rather than reason govern human behaviour, famously proclaiming that Reason is, and ought only to be the slave of the passions.
Hume was also a sentimentalist who held that ethics are based on emotion or sentiment rather than abstract moral principle. He maintained an early commitment to naturalistic explanations of moral phenomena and is usually accepted by historians of European philosophy to have first clearly expounded the is–ought problem, or the idea that a statement of fact alone can never give rise to a normative conclusion of what ought to be done.
Hume denied that humans have an actual conception of the self, positing that we experience only a bundle of sensations, and that the self is nothing more than this bundle of perceptions connected by an association of ideas.
Hume's compatibilist theory of free will takes causal determinism as fully compatible with human freedom. His philosophy of religion, including his rejection of miracles, and critique of the argument from design for God's existence, were especially controversial for their time.
Hume left a legacy that affected utilitarianism, logical positivism, the philosophy of science, early analytic philosophy, cognitive science, theology, and many other fields and thinkers. Immanuel Kant credited Hume as the inspiration that had awakened him from his dogmatic slumbers.
Hume was born on 26 April 1711, as David Home, in a tenement on the north side of Edinburgh's Lawnmarket.
Regardless of how boundless it may seem; a person's imagination is confined to the mind's ability to recombine the information it has already acquired from the body's sensory experience (the ideas that have been derived from impressions). In addition, as our imagination takes our most basic ideas and leads us to form new ones, it is directed by three principles of association, namely, resemblance, contiguity, and cause and effect:
-The principle of resemblance refers to the tendency of ideas to become associated if the objects they represent resemble one another. For example, someone looking at an illustration of a flower can conceive an idea of the physical flower because the idea of the illustrated object is associated with the physical object's idea.
-The principle of contiguity describes the tendency of ideas to become associated if the objects they represent are near to each other in time or space, such as when the thought of a crayon in a box leads one to think of the crayon contiguous to it.
-The principle of cause and effect refers to the tendency of ideas to become associated if the objects they represent are causally related, which explains how remembering a broken window can make someone think of a ball that had caused the window to shatter.
Today, The Grandma has been watching Friends, the American television sitcom whose last episode was aired on a day like today in 2004.
Friends is an American television sitcom created by David Crane and Marta Kauffman, which aired onNBC from September 22, 1994, to May 6, 2004,lasting ten seasons. With an ensemble cast starring Jennifer Aniston, Courteney Cox, Lisa Kudrow, Matt LeBlanc, Matthew Perry and David Schwimmer, the show revolves around six friends in their 20s and early 30s who live in Manhattan, New York City. The original executive producers were Kevin S. Bright, Kauffman, and David Crane.
Kauffman and Crane began developing Friends under the working title Insomnia Cafe between November and December 1993. They presented the idea to Bright, and together they pitched a seven-page treatment of the show to NBC. After several script rewrites and changes, including title changes to Six of One and Friends Like Us, the series was finally named Friends. Filming took place at Warner Bros. Studios in Burbank, California.
All ten seasons of Friends ranked within the top ten of the final television season ratings; ultimately reaching the number 1 spot in its eighth season. The series finale aired on May 6, 2004, and was watched by around 52.5 million American viewers, making it the fifth-most-watched series finale in television history and the most-watched television episode of the 2000s.
Friends received acclaim throughout its run, becoming one of the most popular and highest-grossing television shows of all time. The show's success led to a spin-off series, Joey, and a reunion special, Friends: The Reunion.
The Last One, also known as The One Where They Say Goodbye, is the series finale of the American sitcom Friends. Originally shown in its entirety, the episode's two parts were classified as the seventeenth and eighteenth episodes of the tenth season, and the 235th and the 236th episodes overall. It was written by series creators David Crane and Marta Kauffman and directed by executive producer Kevin S. Bright.
The series finale first aired on NBC in the United States on May 6, 2004,when it was watched by 52.5 million viewers, making it the most watched entertainment telecast in six years and the fifth most watched overall television series finale in American history as well as the most watched episode from any television series throughout the 2000s decade on American television. In Canada, the finale aired simultaneously on May 6, 2004, on Global, and was viewed by 5.16 million viewers, becoming the second-highest viewed episode of the series.
The series finale closes several long-running storylines. Ross Geller (David Schwimmer) confesses his love for Rachel Green (Jennifer Aniston), and they decide to resume their relationship; and Monica Geller (Courteney Cox) and Chandler Bing (Matthew Perry) adopt twins and move to the suburbs. The episode's final scene shows the group leaving Monica and Chandler's apartment for the final time and going for one last cup of coffee together.
Prior to writing the episode, Crane, Kauffman and Bright watched finales from other sitcoms for the inspiration. Kauffman found that she liked the ones that stayed true to the series. Filming took place at Warner Bros. Studios in Burbank, California; part one was filmed on January 16, and part two on January 23, making it the only episode that was filmed in 2004. The series finale was well received by critics and the cast members.
The series' creators completed the first draft of the hour-long finale in January 2004, four months prior to its airing on May 6. Before writing the episode, David Crane, Marta Kauffman and Kevin S. Bright decided to watch the series finales of other sitcoms, paying attention to what worked and what did not. Kauffman found that they liked the ones which stayed true to the series, and they found the finale of The Mary Tyler Moore Show to be the gold standard. The writers had difficulty writing the finale, and spent several days thinking about the final scene without being able to write a word. Crane said that they did not want to do something high concept, or take the show out of the show.
The music playing as the camera pans across the empty apartment at the end of the episode is Embryonic Journey by Jefferson Airplane. The song YellowLedbetter by the band Pearl Jam is also featured in the episode -after Rachel boards the plane for the first time-making it the first Pearl Jam song to be licensed for a television show. A spokesperson for the group said it was, simply a matter of the show's producers asking permission.
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