1935, THE FIRST FLIGHT OF THE DOUGLAS COMMERCIAL-3

Today, The Grandma has been reading about the Douglas DC-3, the propeller-driven airliner, whose first fly was on a day like today in 1935.

 

The Douglas DC-3 is a propeller-driven airliner manufactured by Douglas Aircraft Company, which had a lasting effect on the airline industry in the 1930s to 1940s and World War II. 

 

It was developed as a larger, improved 14-bed sleeper version of the Douglas DC-2. It is a low-wing metal monoplane with conventional landing gear, powered by two radial piston engines of 750-890 kW. Although the DC-3s originally built for civil service had the Wright R-1820 Cyclone, later civilian DC-3s used the Pratt & Whitney R-1830 Twin Wasp engine.

 

The DC-3 has a cruising speed of 333 km/h, a capacity of 21 to 32 passengers or 2,700 kg of cargo, and a range of 2,400 km, and can operate from short runways.

The DC-3 had many exceptional qualities compared to previous aircraft. It was fast, had a good range, was more reliable, and carried passengers in greater comfort. Before the World War II, it pioneered many air travel routes. It was able to cross the continental United States from New York to Los Angeles in 18 hours, with only three stops. It is one of the first airliners that could profitably carry only passengers without relying on mail subsidies.

In 1939, at the peak of its dominance in the airliner market, around ninety percent of airline flights on the planet were by a DC-3 or some variant.

Following the war, the airliner market was flooded with surplus transport aircraft, and the DC-3 was no longer competitive because it was smaller and slower than aircraft built during the war. It was made obsolete on main routes by more advanced types such as the Douglas DC-4 and Convair 240, but the design proved adaptable and was still useful on less commercially demanding routes.

Civilian DC-3 production ended in 1943 at 607 aircraft. Military versions, including the C-47 Skytrain, the Dakota in British RAF service, and Soviet- and Japanese-built versions, brought total production to over 16,000. Many continued to be used in a variety of niche roles; 2,000 DC-3s and military derivatives were estimated to be still flying in 2013; by 2017 more than 300 were still flying. As of 2023 it is estimated about 150 are still flying.

 

DC stands for Douglas Commercial. The DC-3 was the culmination of a development effort that began after an inquiry from Transcontinental and Western Airlines (TWA) to Donald Douglas. TWA's rival in transcontinental air service, United Airlines, was starting service with the Boeing 247, and Boeing refused to sell any 247s to other airlines until United's order for 60 aircraft had been filled.

TWA asked Douglas to design and build an aircraft that would allow TWA to compete with United. Douglas' design, the 1933 DC-1, was promising, and led to the DC-2 in 1934. The DC-2 was a success, but with room for improvement.

The DC-3 resulted from a marathon telephone call from American Airlines CEO C. R. Smith to Donald Douglas, when Smith persuaded a reluctant Douglas to design a sleeper aircraft based on the DC-2 to replace American's Curtiss Condor II biplanes. The DC-2's cabin was 1.7 m wide, too narrow for side-by-side berths. Douglas agreed to go ahead with development only after Smith informed him of American's intention to purchase 20 aircraft.

The new aircraft was engineered by a team led by chief engineer Arthur E. Raymond over the next two years, and the prototype DST (Douglas Sleeper Transport) first flew on December 17, 1935 (the 32nd anniversary of the Wright Brothers' flight at Kitty Hawk) with Douglas chief test pilot Carl Cover at the controls. Its cabin was 2,300 mm wide, and a version with 21 seats instead of the 14-16 sleeping berths of the DST was given the designation DC-3. No prototype was built, and the first DC-3 built followed seven DSTs off the production line for delivery to American Airlines.

 

The DC-3 and DST popularized air travel in the United States. Eastbound transcontinental flights could cross the U.S. in about 15 hours with three refueling stops, while westbound trips against the wind took 17+1⁄2 hours. A few years earlier, such a trip entailed short hops in slower and shorter-range aircraft during the day, coupled with train travel overnight.

Several radial engines were offered for the DC-3. Early-production civilian aircraft used either the 9-cylinder Wright R-1820 Cyclone 9 or the 14-cylinder Pratt & Whitney R-1830 Twin Wasp, but the Twin Wasp was chosen for most military versions and was also used by most DC-3s converted from military service. Five DC-3S Super DC-3s with Pratt & Whitney R-2000 Twin Wasps were built in the late 1940s, three of which entered airline service.

 

More information: Intergalactic Space

 

To invent an airplane is nothing.
To build one is something.
But to fly is everything.

Otto Lilienthal

VICTOR S. PRITCHETT, BRITISH WRITER & LITERARY CRITIC

Today, The Grandma has been reading about Victor S. Pritchett, the British writer and literary critic, who was born on a day like today in 1900.

Victor Sawdon Pritchett (16 December 1900-20 March 1997) was a British writer and literary critic.

Pritchett was known particularly for his short stories, collated in a number of volumes. Among his most noteworthy works of short fiction are The Sailor, The Saint, and The Camberwell Beauty. His non-fiction works include the memoirs A Cab at the Door (1968) and Midnight Oil (1971), and many collections of essays on literary biography and criticism.

Victor Sawdon Pritchett was born in Suffolk, the first of four children of Walter Sawdon Pritchett and Beatrice Helena (née Martin). His father, a London businessman, relocated to Ipswich to establish a newspaper and stationery shop. The business ran into difficulty and his parents were lodging over a toy shop at 41 St Nicholas Street in Ipswich, where Pritchett was born on 16 December 1900. Beatrice had expected a girl, whom she planned to name after Queen Victoria.

Pritchett disliked his first name, having been nearly mauled by a dog named Victor in his youth, hence he always preferred being styled by his initials VSP, despite formally becoming Sir Victor Pritchett after being knighted.

His family moved to Ipswich to be near his mother's sister, who had married money and lived in Warrington Road. Within a year Walter was declared bankrupt, the family moved to Woodford, Essex, then to Derby and he began selling women's clothing and accessories as a travelling salesman. Pritchett was soon sent with his brother Cyril to live with their paternal grandparents in Sedbergh, where the boys attended their first school.

Walter's business failures, his casual attitude to credit and his easy deceitfulness obliged the family to move frequently. The family was reunited, but life was always precarious. They tended to live in London suburbs with members of Beatrice's family, but returned to Ipswich in 1910 to live for a year near Cauldwell Hall Road, trying to evade Walter's creditors. At this time Pritchett attended St John's School. Subsequently, the family moved to East Dulwich and he attended Alleyn's School, where he first had the urge to be a writer, but when his paternal grandparents came to live with them at age 16, he was forced to leave school to work as a clerk and leather buyer in Bermondsey.

At the same time, his father enlisted to work in Hampshire at an aircraft factory to help the war effort. After the Great War Walter turned his hand to aircraft design, about which he knew nothing, and his later ventures included art needlework, property speculation and faith healing.

The leather work lasted from 1916 until 1920 when Pritchett moved to Paris to work as a shop assistant. 

In 1923, he started writing for The Christian Science Monitor, which sent him to Ireland and Spain. From 1926 he wrote reviews for that paper and for the New Statesman, later being appointed its literary editor.

Pritchett's first book, Marching Spain (1928), describes a journey across Spain, and his second book, Clare Drummer (1929), is about his experiences in Ireland. While there, he met Evelyn Vigors, whom he later married.

Pritchett published five novels, but he said he did not enjoy writing them. His reputation was established by a collection of short stories, The Spanish Virgin and Other Stories (1932).

Vigors had an affair in the 1930s, and meanwhile Pritchett fell in love with another woman, Dorothy Rudge Roberts.

In 1936, he divorced his first wife and married Roberts, with whom he had two children; the marriage survived until Pritchett's death in 1997, although they both had other relationships. Their children include the journalist Oliver Pritchett, whose son is the cartoonist Matt Pritchett MBE, and daughter is screenwriter Georgia Pritchett.

During the Second World War Pritchett worked for the BBC and the Ministry of Information while continuing to write weekly essays for the New Statesman. After World War II he wrote extensively and embarked on various positions as a university lecturer in the United States: Princeton (1953), the University of California (1962), Columbia University and Smith College. Fluent in French, German and Spanish, he published acclaimed biographies of Honoré de Balzac (1973), Ivan Turgenev (1977), and Anton Chekhov (1988).

Pritchett was appointed a Knight Bachelor in 1975 for services to literature and a Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour in 1993. His other awards included FRSL (1958), CBE (1968), the Heinemann Award (1969), the PEN Award (1974), the W.H. Smith Literary Award (1990) and the Golden PEN Award (1994). He was President of PEN International, the worldwide association of writers and the oldest human rights organisation from 1974 until 1976.

V. S. Pritchett died of a stroke in London on 20 March 1997, aged 96.

More information: The Paris Review

Life -how curious is that habit that makes us think
it is not here, but elsewhere.

Victor S. Pritchett

TAMMISAARI IS FOUNDED BY GUSTAV VASA OF SWEDEN

Today, The Grandma has been reading about Tammisaari, the Finnish city that was founded on a day like today in 1546.

Ekenäs, in Finnish Tammisaari, is a town and former municipality in Finland that comprised the former municipalities of Snappertuna and Tenala together with the town of Ekenäs. 

 

It was merged with Pohja and Karis to form the new municipality of Raseborg on January 1, 2009.

Ekenäs is in the province of Southern Finland, and is part of the Uusimaa, in Swedish Nyland, region. The town had a population of 14,754 (as of 31 December 2008) and covered a land area of 726.73 square kilometres. The population density was 20.30 inhabitants per square kilometre. The town is bilingual, with the majority being Swedish speakers (81%), and the minority Finnish speakers (17%).

Ekenäs is Finland's seventh oldest town and the first of the non-medieval towns. 

King Gustav Wasa granted town rights to Ekenäs on 15 December 1546, but even before that Ekenäs played a significant role in maritime transport.

Today, it is mostly noted for its archipelago, part of which is the Ekenäs Archipelago National Park. The old, mainly wooden town center is protected due to its cultural historical value, and renovation of even residential buildings is strictly controlled. The history of the old town dates back to 16th century, but most of the current buildings have been built between 18th and 19th century.

Ekenäs illustrated in the book series Finland framställdt i teckningar published 1845-1852.

The present Neoclassical form of the Ekenäs church was designed by Italian-born architect Charles Bassi in 1839-1842 following a fire in 1821. There are two buildings in Ekenäs designed by world famous Finnish architect Alvar Aalto; the Ekenäs Savings Bank (1964) and Villa Skeppet (1969), the home of Aalto's biographer, Göran Schildt.

Ekenäs is home of the oldest still functional movie theatre in Finland called Bio Forum. The theatre is located in the old town centre in a small Art Nouveau (Jugend) building and it was founded in 1912. At the time it was called Ekenäs Nya Biograf Teater.

Among notable residents are author Marianne Alopaeus, who wrote in Swedish. She was born in Ekenäs in 1918. One of the most renowned finnish modernist painters Helene Schjerfbeck spend her summers 1918-1920 in Ekenäs and lived in the town permanently 1925-1941. Ekenäs museum center Ekta has a permanent exhibition of her work called Helene Schjerfbeck's Life and Art.

Emma Engdahl-Jägerskiöld, one of Finland's first internationally-recognised opera singers grew up in, and always retained a close connection with, Ekenäs.

Kaija Saarikettu, violinist and Professor at Sibelius Academy, was born in Ekenäs.

More information: Visit Finland

It's very Finnish to think you can't make it 

outside Finland.

Saara Aalto

THE MONTGOLFIER BROTHERS & THE HOT AIR BALLOON

Today, The Grandma has been reading about the Montgolfier brothers, who first test fly an unmanned hot air balloon on a day like today in 1782. 

 

The Montgolfier brothers –Joseph-Michel Montgolfier (26 August 1740-26 June 1810) and Jacques-Étienne Montgolfier (6 January 1745-2 August 1799)- were aviation pioneers, balloonists and paper manufacturers from the commune Annonay in Ardèche, France. They invented the Montgolfière-style hot air balloon, globe aérostatique, which launched the first confirmed piloted ascent by humans in 1783, carrying Jacques-Étienne.

Joseph-Michel also invented the self-acting hydraulic ram (1796) and Jacques-Étienne founded the first paper-making vocational school. Together, the brothers invented a process to manufacture transparent paper.

Joseph-Michel and Jacques-Étienne Montgolfier were born into a family of paper manufacturers. Their parents were Pierre Montgolfier (1700-1793) and Anne Duret (1701-1760), who had 16 children. Pierre Montgolfier established his eldest son, Raymond (1730-1772), as his successor.

Joseph-Michel was the 12th child. Described as a maverick and dreamer, he was impractical in terms of business and personal affairs. Étienne was the 15th child, had a much more even and businesslike temperament and was sent to Paris to train as an architect. After the sudden and unexpected death of Raymond in 1772, he was recalled to Annonay to run the family business. In the subsequent 10 years, Étienne applied his talent for technical innovation to the family business of paper making, which then as now was a high-tech industry. He succeeded in incorporating the latest Dutch innovations of the day into the family mills.

Of the two brothers, it was Joseph who was first interested in aeronautics; as early as 1775 he built parachutes, and once jumped from the family house. He first contemplated building machines when he observed laundry drying over a fire incidentally form pockets that billowed upwards.

Joseph made his first definitive experiments in November 1782 while living in Avignon. He reported some years later that he was watching a fire one evening while contemplating one of the great military issues of the day -an assault on the fortress of Gibraltar, which had proved impregnable from both sea and land.

Joseph mused on the possibility of an air assault using troops lifted by the same force that was lifting the embers from the fire. He believed that the smoke itself was the buoyant part and contained within it a special gas, which he called Montgolfier Gas, with a special property he called levity, which is why he preferred smoldering fuel.

Joseph then built a box-like chamber 0.9 by 0.9 by 1.2 metres out of very thin wood, and covered the sides and top with lightweight taffeta cloth. He crumpled and lit some paper under the bottom of the box. The contraption quickly lifted off its stand and collided with the ceiling.

Joseph recruited his brother to balloon building by writing, Get in a supply of taffeta and of cordage, quickly, and you will see one of the most astonishing sights in the world. The two brothers built a similar device, three times larger having a volume 27 times greater. On 14 December 1782 they conducted their very first test flight, using ignited wool and hay as fuel. The lifting force was so great that they lost control of their craft. The device floated nearly two kilometers but was destroyed after landing by the indiscretion of a bypasser.

Both brothers invented a process to manufacture transparent paper similar to vellum, imitating the technique of the English, followed by the papermakers Johannot and Réveillon.

In 1796, Joseph Michel Montgolfier invented the first self-acting hydraulic ram, a water pump to raise water for his paper mill at Voiron.

In 1772, the British clockmaker John Whitehurst had invented its precursor, the pulsation engine.

In 1797, Montgolfier's friend Matthew Boulton took out a British patent on his behalf.

In 1816, Joseph Michel's sons obtained a British patent for an improved version of the pump.

Both brothers were freemasons in Les Neuf Soeurs lodge in Paris.

In 1799, Etienne de Montgolfier died on the way from Lyon to Annonay. His son-in-law, Barthélémy Barou de la Lombardière de Canson (1774-1859), succeeded him as the head of the company, thanks to his marriage with Alexandrine de Montgolfier. The company became Montgolfier et Canson in 1801, then Canson-Montgolfier in 1807. In 1810, Joseph-Michel died in Balaruc-les-Bains.

The Montgolfier Company in Annonay still exists under the name Canson. It produces fine art papers, school drawing papers and digital fine art and photography papers sold in 150 countries.

In 1983, the Montgolfier brothers were inducted into the International Air & Space Hall of Fame at the San Diego Air & Space Museum.

More information: Space

 

A hot air balloon requires a great deal of fuel to keep it aloft,
so that you can't fly it even for one day.
A gas balloon, which usually uses helium,
has the problem that the helium cools at night
when the sun is not on it,
and you have to throw ballast overboard
to keep it from going to the surface.

 

Steve Fossett

'FIRA DE SANTA LLÚCIA', XMAS TRADITION IN BARCELONA

Today, The Grandma has visited The Fira de Santa Llúcia, one of the city's most popular Christmas fairs in Barcelona since 1786.

The Fira de Santa Llúcia, one of the city's most popular Christmas fairs, has been held in front of the Cathedral since 1786.

Visitors will find craft products and typical Christmas items there. Two figures from the world of Catalan culture, among many others, have testified to its importance: the aristocrat Rafael Amat, known as the Baron of Maldà, and the folklorist Joan Amades.

Every year more than two hundred stalls fill the Pla de la Seu and Avinguda de la Catedral with a broad range of products. The stalls are sets up there at the end of November or beginning of December but always before 13 December, which is the feast day of Santa Llúcia, and they stay there till Christmas.

They are grouped in four main sectors. Nativity scenes and figures, offering nativity scene accessories, caves, figures, candles and Christmas decorations. Greenery and plants, where you will find natural and artificial trees, moss, tió logs, eucalyptus branches and similar things. Crafts, with all kinds of craft products and accessories, such as clothes, jewellery, decorations and gift items, plus lots more. Finally, the music sector, with simbombes, tambourines and other traditional Christmas instruments.

While the Fira de Santa Llúcia is on you can enjoy all kinds of traditional Christmas entertainment and activities, such as the short courses organised by the nativity-scene makers, the Associació de Pessebristes de Barcelona, a giant tió log, the Carassa de Nadal parade, traditional dancing and musical performances.

 More information: Fira de Santa Llúcia

Christmas is not a time nor a season,
but a state of mind.
To cherish peace and goodwill,
to be plenteous in mercy,
is to have the real spirit of Christmas.

Calvin Coolidge

MARIE DIONNE WARWICK, THE AMERICAN GOSPELAIRE

Today, The Grandma has been listening to Dionne Warwick, the American singer, who was born on a day like today in 1940.

Marie Dionne Warwick (born Marie Dionne Warrick in 1940) is an American singer, actress, and television host. During her career, Warwick has won many awards, including six Grammy Awards. She has been inducted into the Hollywood Walk of Fame, the Grammy Hall of Fame, the National Rhythm & Blues Hall of Fame, the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and the Apollo Theater Walk of Fame. 

In 2019, Warwick won the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award. Three of her songs (Walk On By, Alfie, and Don't Make Me Over) have been inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame.

Warwick ranks among the 40 biggest U.S. hit makers between 1955 and 1999, based on her chart history on Billboard's Hot 100 pop singles chart. She is the second-most charted female vocalist during the rock era (1955-1999). She is also one of the most-charted vocalists of all time, with 56 of her singles making the Hot 100 between 1962 and 1998 (12 of them Top Ten), and 80 singles in total -either solo or collaboratively- making the Hot 100, R&B, or adult contemporary charts.

Warwick ranks number 74 on the Billboard Hot 100's Greatest Artists of all time. She is a former Goodwill Ambassador for the UN's Food and Agriculture Organization.

Marie Dionne Warrick, later Warwick, was born to Arthur Lee Drinkard and Mancel Warrick. Her mother was manager of the Drinkard Singers, and her father was a Pullman porter, chef, record promoter, and CPA. Dionne was named after her aunt on her mother's side. She had a sister, Delia (Dee Dee), who died in 2008, and a brother, Mancel Jr., who was killed in an accident in 1968 at the age of 21. Her parents were both African-American, and she also has Native American and Dutch ancestry.

Warwick was raised in East Orange, New Jersey, and was a Girl Scout for a time. She began singing gospel as a child at the New Hope Baptist Church in Newark, New Jersey. After finishing East Orange High School in 1959, Warwick pursued her passion at the Hartt College of Music in West Hartford, Connecticut. She landed some work with her group singing backing vocals for recording sessions in New York City. During one session, Warwick met Burt Bacharach, who hired her to record demos featuring songs written by him and lyricist Hal David. She later landed her own record deal.

More information: Instagram-Dionne Warwick

I have been blessed with some incredible compositions
to record and perform and all of my songs have had
the ability to grow as I and those who have supported
this career of mine for these 50 years have.

Dionne Warwick

FINNISH ROVIO ENTERTAINMENT RELEASES ANGRY BIRDS

Today, The Grandma has been playing Angry Birds, the Finnish game that was released on a day like today in 2009.

 

Rovio Entertainment Oyj (formerly Relude Oy and Rovio Mobile Oy) is a Finnish video game developer based in Espoo.

 

Founded in 2003 by Helsinki University of Technology students Niklas Hed, Jarno Väkeväinen and Kim Dikert, the company is best known for the Angry Birds franchise. The company currently operates studios in Barcelona, Toronto, Montreal, Espoo, Stockholm, and Copenhagen.

The company's success has helped to establish Finland as a leading player in the mobile game industry and has helped to create a thriving ecosystem for game development in the country.

In August 2023, Sega bought Rovio for US$776 million and was made a subsidiary of the Sega Europe division. Angry Birds, also retrospectively known as Angry Birds Classic, is a 2009 physics-based casual puzzle video game developed by Finnish video game developer Rovio Entertainment, and the first of the Angry Birds series. Inspired primarily by a sketch of stylized wingless birds, the game was originally released for iOS and Maemo mobile devices starting in December 2009, utilising touchscreen controls. 

By October 2010, 12 million copies of the game had been purchased from the Apple App Store and Nokia Ovi Store, prompting Rovio to port Angry Birds to various other mobile devices as well as to home video game consoles, personal computers and others by 2011.

The gameplay of Angry Birds revolves around players using a slingshot to launch the birds at green pigs stationed in or around various structures, with the intent of defeating all of the pigs on the playing field. As players advance through the game, new types of birds become available, some with special abilities. Rovio supported Angry Birds with numerous free updates over the years which added additional game content; many special and themed games were also released thereafter, beginning with Angry Birds Seasons in 2010.

Angry Birds was very well received critically and commercially for its simple and addictive gameplay, comical style, and low price, turning into a mainstream phenomenon during 2010 and 2011, and has been considered one of the greatest video games of all time. It led to the creation of the Angry Birds media franchise consisting of merchandise of its characters, feature-length animated films, and more. The game was followed by a sequel in 2015, Angry Birds 2, and altogether there have been over five billion downloads of the Angry Birds game series across all platforms.

In early 2019, several Angry Birds games, including the original, were removed from the iOS App Store and Android Google Play Store. The original Angry Birds was remade and released as Rovio Classics: Angry Birds on March 20, 2022, four years after the original was removed. Rovio Classics was removed from Google Play on Android on February 23, 2023, and renamed to Red's First Flight on iOS on the same date.

The player controls a flock of multi-colored birds on a mission to save their eggs after they've been stolen by a bunch of green pigs. In each stage of the gameplay, the pigs are sheltered by structures made of various materials such as wood, glass, and stone resembling children's toy building blocks. Some pigs may be inside the structures, while others may be outside them. The objective of the game is to eliminate all the pigs in each level. Using a big slingshot, players launch a limited set of birds with the goal of either striking the enemy pigs directly or damaging their surrounding structures, causing the blocks to collapse and pop the pigs.

The player must set the angle and force of the bird's travel by pulling back on the slingshot (using intuitive touch-controls in the mobile versions). The launch process is quick and casual, with no visible trajectory data, and a player simply selects a point in the X-Y field behind the launch post from which the virtual slingshot will be released. In various stages of the game, additional objects such as TNT crates and rocks are incorporated into the structures, and power-ups may be used to enhance the birds to attack hard-to-reach pigs. Also hidden in the levels, players can unlock bonus levels by collecting golden eggs.

There are several different types of birds used in the game, distinguished by their color and shape. In the first levels, only the basic desert cardinal whose name is Red is available. As the player advances through the game additional types of birds become available. Some birds are effective against particular materials, and some have special abilities that may be activated by the player during the bird's flight. For example, Chuck, a yellow canary, can rapidly speed up; Bomb, a common loon, can explode, hence the name; an eastern bluebird named Jay can fragment into three with the help of his identical siblings, Jake and Jim. Together, they are called the Blues. A chicken called Matilda can drop an explosive egg-shaped projectile; a galah named Stella can trap objects with bubbles; Hal, an emerald toucanet, can open his beak to boomerang back; a large cardinal named Terence, appears and functions similarly to Red, but deals much more damage than his smaller counterpart; and a spot-breasted oriole named Bubbles can expand and inflate. The pigs also vary, with hardiness relative to their size. Small pigs are weaker and are easily vanquished by direct hits or by debris from the damaged structures, while larger pigs are able to withstand more damage before succumbing to defeat. In addition, some pigs wear headgear or armour, making them even more resistant to damage.

Each level starts with the quantity, types, and firing order of birds predetermined. If all of the pigs are eliminated after the last bird is launched, the level is cleared and the next level is unlocked. If all of the birds run out and the pigs are not defeated, the level is failed and must be repeated. Points are scored for each pig defeated as well as for damage to, or destruction of, structures, and hefty bonus points are awarded for any unused birds (each unused bird gives 10000 points). Upon completing each level, players can receive up to three stars depending on the score received. Players are encouraged to repeat any previously beaten levels in which all three stars were not awarded at first in order to fully master them and earn the full three star score.

More information: Angry Birds

Every age has its storytelling form,
and video gaming is a huge part of our culture.
You can ignore or embrace video games
and imbue them with the best artistic quality.
People are enthralled with video games
in the same way as other people love the cinema or theatre.

Andy Serkis