GERDA TARO: PHOTOJOURNALISM DURING THE WAR

Gerta Pohorylle aka Gerda Taro

Dedicated to Jordi Borràs. 

Ni un pas enrere!

Today, The Grandma has studied a new lesson of her Intermediate Language Practice manual (Chapter 29).

More information: It/There I , II & III

In the evening, The Grandma has had dinner with Claire Fontaine and they have been talking about Gerda Taro, the German photojournalist who died on a day like today in 1937 during the Spanish Civil War. Claire and The Grandma admire Taro and her photos and they want to talk about her and her work.

Gerda Taro (1 August 1910, Stuttgart, Germany-26 July 1937, near Brunete, Spain) was a German war photographer, and the companion and professional partner of photographer Robert Capa. Her real name was real name Gerta Pohorylle. Taro is regarded as the first female photojournalist to cover the front lines of a war and to die while doing so. She heavily contributed to the early days of the work accredited to the alias Robert Capa.

Gerta Pohorylle was born in 1910 in Stuttgart, Kingdom of Württemberg, into a middle-class Jewish Galician family. Pohorylle attended a Swiss boarding school. In 1929, the family moved to Leipzig, just prior to the beginning of Nazi Germany. Taro opposed the Nazi Party, joining leftist groups. 

Gerda Taro

In 1933, she was arrested and detained for distributing anti-Nazi propaganda. Eventually, the entire Pohorylle household was forced to leave Nazi Germany toward different destinations. Taro would not see her family again.

Escaping the anti-Semitism of Hitler's Germany, Pohorylle moved to Paris in 1934. In 1935, she met the photojournalist Endre Friedmann, a Hungarian Jew, learning photography and becoming his personal assistant. They fell in love. Pohorylle began to work for Alliance Photo as a picture editor.

In 1936, Pohorylle received her first photojournalist credential. Then, she and Friedmann devised a plan. Both took news photographs, but these were sold as the work of the non-existent American photographer Robert Capa, which was a convenient name overcoming the increasing political intolerance prevailing in Europe and belonging in the lucrative American market.

Capa was derived from Friedmann's Budapest street nickname Cápa which means Shark in Hungarian. The secret did not last long, but Friedman kept the more commercial name Capa for his own name, while Pohorylle adopted the professional name of Gerda Taro after the Japanese artist Tarō Okamoto and Swedish actress Greta Garbo. 

More information: BBC

The two worked together to cover the events surrounding the coming to power of the Popular Front in 1930s France.

When the Spanish Civil War broke out (1936), Gerda Taro travelled to Barcelona to cover the events with Capa and David Chim Seymour. Taro acquired the nickname of La pequeña rubia , The little blonde. They covered the war together at northeastern Aragon and at the southern Córdoba.

 

Gerda Taro & Robert Capa

Always together under the common, bogus signature of Robert Capa, they were successful through many important publications, the Swiss Züricher Illustrierte, the French Vu. 

Their early war photos are distinguishable since Taro used a Rollei camera which rendered squared photographs while Capa produced rectangular Leica pictures. However, for some time in 1937 they produced similar 135 film pictures together under the label of Capa&Taro.

Subsequently, Taro attained some independence. She refused Capa's marriage proposal. Also, she became publicly related to the circle of anti fascist European intellectuals, Ernest Hemingway, George Orwell, who crusaded particularly for the Spanish Republic.

The Ce Soir, a leftist newspaper of France, signed her for publishing Taro's works only. Then, she began to commercialize her production under the Photo Taro label. Regards, Life, Illustrated London News and Volks-Illustrierte were amongst those publications. 

Reporting the Valencia bombing alone, Gerda Taro attained the photographs which are her most celebrated. Also, in July 1937, Taro's photographs were in demand by the international press when, alone, she was covering the Brunete region near Madrid for Ce Soir.

More information: The Telegraph

Although the Nationalist propaganda claimed that the region was under its control, the Republican forces had in fact forced that faction out. Taro's camera was the only testimony of the actual situation.

During her coverage of the Republican army retreat at the Battle of Brunete, Taro hopped onto the footboard of a car that was carrying wounded soldiers, then a Republican tank crashed into its side. Taro suffered critical wounds and died the next day, July 26, 1937. 

Gerda Taro

The circumstances of Taro's death have been questioned by British journalist Robin Stummer, writing in the New Statesman magazine.  

Stummer cited Willy Brandt, later Chancellor of West Germany, and a friend of Taro's during the Spanish Civil War, saying that she had been the victim of the Stalinist purge of Communists and Socialists in Spain not aligned to Moscow. However, Stummer provided no other evidence for this claim.

In an interview with the Spanish daily El País, a nephew of a Republican soldier at the Battle of Brunete explained that she had died in an accident. According to the eye-witness account, she had been run over by a reversing tank and she died from her wounds in El Goloso English hospital a few hours later.

Due to her political commitment, Taro had become an anti-fascist figure. On August 1, 1937, on what would have been her 27th birthday, the French Communist Party gave her a grand funeral in Paris, buried her at Père Lachaise Cemetery, and commissioned Alberto Giacometti to create a monument for her grave.

More information: The New York Times

 

 In a war, you must hate somebody or love somebody; 

you must have a position or you cannot stand what goes on. 

Robert Capa